Kuchokera kumadera otalika kwambiri a archaic, pamene anthu anayamba kungophunzira chilengedwe chonse, zamoyo zinayamba, ngati chipembedzo choyambirira. Chilengedwe ndi chamoyo ndipo chirichonse chili ndi mzimu kapena moyo: chinthu, mwala, nyama, munthu. Choncho anthu akale ankakhulupirira m'madera onse a dziko lapansi.
Animism - ndi chiyani?
Wolemba mbiri wa Chingerezi dzina lake E. Tyler ankaganiza kuti zipembedzo zonse zomwe zinalipo mpaka pano zinachokera ku malingaliro okhudza anthu. M'Chilatini, zamatsenga ndi anima, animus ndi moyo kapena mzimu. Chikhulupiriro mu chiyambi chauzimu kapena mapasa achilengedwe a zamoyo zonse ndi zachilengedwe. Mzimu ndi mzimu ndi zinthu zomwe sizikuwonekera ku diso la munthu, ndipo ngati mzimu uli wogwirizana ndi zinthu zomwe zilipo, mzimu ndi mphamvu yodziimira payekha pena paliponse.
Kodi ndi liti ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani zamoyo zinayamba?
Pamene zamoyo zinayambira - ndi zovuta kuti olemba mbiri amvetsetse njirayi, koma zinali zovuta kwambiri pamsinkhu wa kusintha kwa Neanderthal munthu wololera, pafupi zaka zikwi makumi anayi zapitazo. Makolo oyambirira a zamatsenga anali matsenga, fetishism , animatism ndi totemism. Anthu sankadziwa pang'ono za chirengedwe, ndipo sanathe kufotokoza zozizwitsa zambiri zomwe zinalipo mmenemo, kotero onse anapatsidwa mphamvu zapadera ndipo amakhulupirira kuti amakhala pachibale ndi nyama zonse za m'deralo.
Zojambula zamatsenga, zomwe zinaloĊµedwa m'malo mwa chiwonongeko, zinali zochitika zaka mazana ambiri zowona:
- maloto (mzimu umayenda kudutsa mdziko);
- boma panthawi ya chikhalidwe cha zomera za psychotropic;
- miyambo ya maliro (moyo unasiya thupi).
Animism mufilosofi
Sukulu zafilosofi zomwe zinayambira ku Girisi yakale zinali zozizwitsa m'maganizo, ziphunzitso ndi ziphunzitso zofalitsidwa. Sukulu ya zojambulajambula, yomwe inatsogoleredwa ndi katswiri wa masamu ndi filosofi Pythagoras, inalalikira chiphunzitso chofuna kugwirizana mosamala ndi chilengedwe, chimene simukukhudza - mzimu uli paliponse. Zojambulajambula mufilosofi ndizo kudziwa za kusafa kwa moyo wa munthu aliyense: kaya ndi chomera, nyama kapena munthu. Chirichonse chiri ndi miyoyo ya dongosolo lomwelo kuchokera ku moto ndi mpweya, ndipo mu zotsatira zotsatizana moyo umakhala ukutsatira thupi latsopano lomwe laperekedwa kwa ilo.
Animism mu Psychology
Psychology monga chidziwitso chayekha chinakhazikitsidwa posachedwapa ndipo kuyambika kwa zofunikira zake zingakhoze kuonedwa kukhala mbiri ya dziko lonse lapansi ya anthu mu chidziwitso cha miyoyo yawo. Zojambula zamaganizo m'maganizo ndi chithunzi cha dziko limene zonse zomwe zilipo ndizo "zauzimu" ndipo zimakhala ndi malingaliro ndi maganizo . Psychological of animism imasonyezedwa momveka bwino pamalingaliro a maganizo a ana, omwe anapeza ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo a Swiss-katswiri wa maphunziro a zapamwamba J. Piaget. Mwanayo amakhulupirira kuti ngati akumva, ndiye kuti zonse zomwe zimamuzungulira zimakhala ndi malingaliro. Zosangalatsa za ana - zizindikiro:
- Kuwona kwa ana ngati zinthu zopanda moyo monga zamoyo.
- Chinthu chosuntha chimalimbikitsa chiwonetsero chachidziwitso cha mwanayo, pomwe chiyambicho chikhoza kuwonedwa ngati chosamalidwa.
- Chidule cha malingaliro achilengedwe ndi zaka zisanu (kupitirira mpaka zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri).
Animism ngati chipembedzo
Poopa zochitika zamphamvu ndi zosazindikirika za chirengedwe, anthu akale anayamba kuwapanga. Chiwonetsero ndi chikhulupiliro cha kukhalapo kwa mizimu ndi mizimu yomwe imayendetsa zonse zomwe ziri padziko lapansi. Mphepo ndi mabingu, dzuwa ndi mwezi, mvula, chipale chofewa ndi matalala - munthu wochepa kwambiri komanso wotetezeka pamaso pa zinthu, amayamba kulimbikitsa mizimu yamphamvu ndikuwapereka kuti ayesetse.
Pakuwona kubadwa ndi imfa, munthu adanena kuti panthaĊµi ya kubadwa kwa mwana, mzimu umalowa mkati, ndipo panthawi ya imfa, amasiya thupi ndi mpweya wake. Anthu akale ankakhulupirira kuti mzimu wa wakufa ulibe chipolopolo chokhachokha ndipo susiya banja la fukoli. Chipembedzo cha chikumbutso ndi kulemekeza miyoyo chinayendetsa cholinga cha kupanga mzimu wa mafuko kukhala woteteza ndi woyang'anira mphamvu zoipa za dziko lina.
Zithunzi zamatsenga za ku Greece zakale zimathandiza akatswiri a mbiriyakale kuti aziphunzira maganizo a anthu a nthawi imeneyo. Zithunzi zowala za milungu, zopangidwa motsatira nthawi kuchokera kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe ndi ntchito zomwe zimanyamula zochitika zachilengedwe:
- Zeus - amayendetsa mabingu ndi mphezi, amataya pansi ndi mvula.
- Gaia (dziko) - amabereka zimphona zazikulu (zivomezi, miyala).
- Hade (Thanatos) ndi Mbuye wa dziko lapansi, kuchotsa mizimu.
Animism mu dziko lamakono
M'madera osiyanasiyana a Dziko lapansi mafuko adatsalirabe otsalira a zamoyo - awa ndiwo anthu aang'ono, ndi njira yakale ya moyo. Kumpoto ndi ku Siberia, iwo ndi Evenks, Khanty, Nanais, Adegeans. Zojambula zamakono zamakono zimachokera ku zotsalira za zikhulupiriro zakale:
- miyambo ndi miyambo ya kulemekeza ndi kukumbukira makolo;
- Kunyumba Nyumba (chofunika cha nyumbayo);
- njira zamanyazi za kubwerera kwa moyo ku thupi (ndi matenda a mphamvu ya maganizo).
Animism - zochititsa chidwi
Animism ndi chikhulupiliro mu mizimu ndi zilembo, monga chipembedzo chakale chinasiya chikhalidwe chachikulu m'mbiri ya anthu. Miyambo yakale yakale yochokera ku Scandinavia, Greece, Egypt - ichi ndi chidziwitso cha padziko lonse cha cholowa cha umunthu. Chiwonetsero, chomwe chinachokera ku malingaliro achiyambi a munthu pa moyo, chinayambira mu mitundu yambiri ya zikhulupiliro, koma mu mbali zina zakhala zikupitirira mpaka lero mu maholide achikunja.
Zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi zamoyo:
- Pythagoras, yemwe ndi katswiri wamasamu, ndiye woyamba kudya zamasamba, analetsa ana a nyama, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa miyoyo yawo chimodzimodzi ndi munthu.
- Mwana wamng'ono m'malingaliro ake oyambirira, amalingalira kuti akapita, mwezi "umathamangira" pambuyo pake.
- Koryaks (anthu amtundu wa Kamchatka), atapha mmbulu kapena chimbalangondo pakusaka, amaika khungu pamodzi mwa osaka, amavina kuzungulira iye ndikuimba nyimbo yomwe amatsimikizira kuti sichifukwa cha imfa ya nyamayo, ndipo " . Cholinga cha mwambo ndicho kutumizira mkwiyo wa moyo wa chirombo.
- Anthu a pachilumba cha Fiji amakhulupirira kuti miyoyo ya zipangizo zowonongeka (nkhonya, mipeni) imathawira kwa milungu kuti ipite patsogolo.