Palibe zambiri zokhudza momwe ndege ikugwirira ntchito, zomwe zingayambitse kugwa ndi zovuta zina zokhudzana ndi mutuwu, ndicho chifukwa chake okwera ndege ali ndi mafunso ambiri. Ena a iwo adayankha kuyankha moona mtima kwa antchito a ndege.
Ndegeyo imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa magalimoto otetezeka kwambiri, koma anthu ambiri, ngakhale omwe nthawi zambiri amauluka, amakhala ndi mantha. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda nzeru komanso zimagwirizana ndi kusamvetsetsa ntchito ya ndegeyo. Kuti athetse vutoli, oyendetsa ndege ndi antchito a ndege adayankha mafunso omwe anthu ambiri amafunsa.
1. Kodi woyendetsa ndege angayambe ndege?
Ndege zamakono zili ndi kayendedwe kamene kamatha kuyendetsa ndegeyo pamtunda wa mamita 300 kufika pamtunda. Kutsika kungathe kuchitika pokhapokha, koma woyendetsa ndegeyo ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito yake ndikukonzekera zoyenera kuti apange. Nthawi yomweyo asanatuluke, ulendowu umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kayendedwe ka radio. Chochititsa chidwi, dongosolo lino lidzagwira ntchito ngakhale ndegeyo itasiya mphamvu.
2. Kodi oyendetsa ndege akugona pandege?
Kuopa anthu ambiri: oyendetsa ndege akugona pa chingwe, ndipo ndege ikugwa. Koma ndithudi izo ndi zowonongeka kuposa zowona. Nthaŵi zambiri, pambuyo poti maphunzirowa awululidwa, woyendetsa ndegeyo akuyendetsa ndegeyo. Kuphatikiza apo, owatumiza amalumikizana nthawi zonse ndi oyendetsa ndege, amafunsira maganizo awo, ngakhale ngakhale oyendetsa galimoto akugona, izi sizikhala motalika. Pamalo okwera ndege, awiri ogwira ndege oyendetsa ndege kapena atatu oyendetsa ndege angagwire ntchito, zomwe zimathandiza kuti asinthe.
3. Kodi oyendetsa ndege amakonzekera bwanji ndege?
Maola angapo ndege isanayambe kuthawa, oyendetsa ndege amapita kukayezetsa kuchipatala ndipo akupita ku chipinda chapadera. Kumeneko amaphunzira za nyengo ndipo amakambirana za maulendo a ndege yomwe ikubwera. Ola limodzi lisanayambe kuthawa, ndege ikuyendetsedwa ndi kukonzekera ulendo. Pambuyo pokambirana ndi adindo omwe ali m'bwato, okwera ndege amanyamuka.
4. N'chifukwa chiyani woyendetsa ndege angawoneke akuuluka mu nyumba yake?
Kawirikawiri oyendetsa ndege amafunika kuthawira kumalo awo antchito (malo othamanga ndege), kotero amapezeka mnyumba ya ndege. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, ngati atabvala yunifolomu, amaletsedwa kugona ndi kuwonera mafilimu pamakutu. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti otsogolera oyendetsa masewerawa angapangitse anthu kukhala ndi mafunso ambiri ndi mantha. Nthaŵi zambiri, kuti asayambitse zovuta zilizonse, oyendetsa ndege amayenda pa mipando yopuma yomwe ili mu cockpit ya oyendetsa ndege, kapena m'kalasi yoyamba.
5. Ngati mwana wabadwa pa ndege, amapeza utsogoleri wotani?
Kawirikawiri, komabe panali zochitika pamene mkazi anabala mwachindunji pa ndegeyo paulendowu. Chisankho cha nzika yomwe mwana adzalandire ikuvomerezedwa ndi ndegeyo kuganizira malamulo omwe alipo. Pali njira zitatu zofunika: kalata yoberekera ikhoza kuperekedwa ndi dziko limene ndege ya ndege ikulembedwera, yomwe ndegeyo inkauluka kapena yomwe inayambira. Nthaŵi zambiri, njira yoyamba imasankhidwa. Chochititsa chidwi: ndege zina zimapatsa ana bonasi - amauluka moyo wawo wonse kwaulere kulikonse padziko lapansi.
6. Kodi kuwonongeka kumachitika kangati?
Ndipotu, chiŵerengero cha ngozi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ndege sizomwe zikuwonekera. Mlengalenga, mavuto ndi osowa kwambiri, ndipo, malinga ndi ziwerengero, zochitika zambiri zimachitika maminiti atatu oyambirira atachokapo ndi maminiti asanu ndi atatu asanafike. Kuonjezerapo, ngakhale pangochitika ngozi ya ndege, pafupifupi 95.7% amapulumuka. Ngati pali mantha, ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti malo otetezeka amaonedwa kuti ali mumchira, ndipo akulimbikitsanso kugula mipando mkati mwa mizere isanu kuti asungidwe. Chochititsa chidwi: kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mpweya kunachitika pansi, pamene mu 1977 ndege ziwiri zinagwedezeka pamsewu. Ngozi imeneyi inapha anthu 583.
7. Kodi pali "ndege" kwa ndege?
Ndipotu, misewu yapaderadera, yomwe imaperekedwa kutalika, monga momwe ndege zogwirira ntchito zimayendera ndi kutalika, ndipo mosiyana - ndi zosamvetseka.
8. N'chifukwa chiyani oyendetsa ndege sapanga ndevu ndi masharubu?
Chisankho chotero sichinali chenicheni, koma chimaonedwa ngati lamulo, chifukwa ndevu, ndevu ndi zokongoletsera nkhope, mwachitsanzo, kupyola, kungayambitse maskikiti kuti asagwirizane ndi vutoli. Mkhalidwe woterewu umasokoneza miyoyo ya okwera, kotero oyendetsa ndege amaloledwa pang'ono chabe, palibe kenanso.
9. N'chifukwa chiyani akukakamizidwa kutsegula mawindo asanayambe ndi kuchotsa?
Zatchulidwa kale kuti zambiri mwadzidzidzi zimachitika pakufika ndi kuchotsa, ndipo makatani amayenera kutsegulidwa kuti anthu akakhala ndi vuto linalake ndibwino, kotero maso awo ayenera kuyendera dzuwa. Kuwonjezera apo, okwera ndege ndi oyang'anira ndege ayenera kuona zomwe zimachitika.
10. Kodi ndikutuluka kotani "kovuta" pansi kapena pamadzi?
Mafilimu nthawi zambiri amasonyeza kuti panthawi yomwe oyendetsa ndege amatha kulowera mwadzidzidzi amasankha kutsogolera ndegeyo mumadzi, poyang'ana anthu wonyenga. Ndipotu, kusankha "nthaka kapena madzi" kumadalira chitsanzo cha ndege, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kuti ndegeyo ipite pansi popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu kuposa madzi. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti, zikutuluka, madziwa ndi "okhwima" chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, mutatha, ndegeyo idzakhala pansi pa madzi ndipo anthu sangakhale nayo nthawi yotuluka. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti mwayi wokhala ndi nthaka pamtunda ndi wamtali kuposa madzi.
11. Kodi zingakhale zotheka bwanji kugwiritsa ntchito maskiti okisijeni?
Chifukwa cha kupasuka kapena chifukwa cha zochitika zina zoopsa, nyumbayi ikhoza kukhumudwa. Pamwamba pamtunda, munthu amayamba hypoxia, amatha kuzindikira ndikufa. Pofuna kupewa izi, pamakhala mpweya wa oxygen wokha pamwamba pa mpando wa munthu aliyense, ndipo wapangidwa kwa mphindi 10-15. Panthawiyi, woyendetsa ndegeyo adzakhala ndi nthawi yochepetsera ndege kupita kumtunda, komwe munthu angathe kupuma. Mwa njirayi, woyendetsa ndegeyo ali ndi mpweya wake wa oxygen, ndipo wapangidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa ntchito ya woyendetsa ndegeyo ndi kukwera ndege popanda kutaya ndondomeko. Musanayambe ndege pamlengalenga, ndizofunikira kuyang'anira momwe masikiti a woyendetsa ndege amagwirira ntchito.
12. Kodi munthu wamba angayambe ndege?
Cholinga cha mafilimu ambiri a ndege amauza nkhani za momwe anthu osiyanasiyana komanso ana amafera ndege popanda zotsatira zoopsa ndi zovuta, kupeza zizindikiro kuchokera kwa omvera kapena ochokera kumalo ena. Ponena za zochitika zenizeni, kuyesera kwasonyeza kuti n'zotheka pa ndege zamakono. Maphunziro apangidwa posachedwapa pa oyimilira ndi oyang'anira omwe adakwanitsa kuthana ndi ntchitoyi. Mpata wabwino wopambana ndi chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa ndege ya makompyuta amakono omwe angatsogolere ndi kukwera ndegeyo, ndi chitsogozo cholondola pa kuyankhulana kwa wailesi ndi wotumiza.
13. N'chifukwa chiyani ndege ingatumizedwe kumtunda wachiwiri?
Malinga ndi zofukufukuzo, okwera ndege amasangalala kwambiri m'malo moyembekezera nthawi yaitali ndege ikuyamba kufika pamwamba. Cholinga chotumizira ndege kumapeto kwachiwiri ndizochitika nthawi zonse, zomwe zingachitike pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, ngati chinthu chikupezeka pamsewu, mphepo yamkuntho ikuwomba, kapena bwalo la ndege likutsekedwa ndi malo odzidzidzirako pamsasa wapadera.
14. Kodi zojambula pazitsulo zimatanthauza chiyani?
Chiwerengerochi chimagwira ntchito yofunikira, popeza mpweyawu ukhoza kugwira ntchito mofatsa ndipo umafuna chizindikiro chowonetsera. Zinalembedwa zambiri, pamene anthu adayandikira, ndipo kutuluka kwa mphepo kunawathamangitsa kutali, komwe kunavulaza kwambiri. Kupatula ngozi zoterezi zinayamba kuika pakati pa zizindikiro, kotero kuti mukhoza kuzimvetsa, mphepo ikugwira ntchito kapena ayi.
15. Kodi ndingalowe bwanji m'chipinda chotsekemera pamene chitseko chimatsekedwa mkati?
Chifukwa cha kuthawa kwa ndege, okwera ndege sangathe kutsegula pakhomo la oyendetsa ndegeyo, chifukwa amatsekedwa aliyense atatenga malo ake. Nthawi zonse pali ngozi yowopsa, mwachitsanzo, onse oyendetsa ndege angadziwe. Pankhaniyi, wantchito wouthawa amadziwa malamulo apadera omwe amatsegula chitseko. Paulendo uliwonse, kuphatikiza kumasankhidwa, ndipo imanenedwa asanatuluke. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa kachidindo, chitseko chidzatsegulidwa mkati mwa mphindi imodzi, koma ngati woyendetsa ndegeyo akuwona kanema kanema imene gulu lake silifuna kulowetsa, limatseka chitseko chonse ndipo sipadzakhala mwayi woutsegula kunja.
16. Kodi oyendetsa ndege amadya bwanji paulendowu?
Anthu okwera ndege ndi oyendetsa sitima amadya mosiyana, ndipo wotchiyo amapereka mbale zambiri zoti asankhe. Kawirikawiri, nkhuku, nsomba ndi nyama ndi mbale zosiyanasiyana, ndipo woyendetsa ndege nthawi zonse amapatsidwa chakudya chosiyana. Izi ndizofunikira kuti pasakhale poizoni ndi mankhwala ofanana. Tengani oyendetsa galimotoyo, ndipo kawirikawiri izi zimachitika kumbuyo kwa gudumu pa matebulo apadera.
17. N'chiyani chikuchitika ngati injini zonse zikuleka kugwira ntchito?
Pamene ndege ikupeza kutalika, oyendetsa ndege amayambitsa njira imene injini imagwiritsira ntchito pazero. Izi zikhoza kuyerekezera ndi momwe zinthu zilili pamene galimoto ikuchokera kumapiri ndipo chiwombankhanga sichilowerera. Kulephera kwathunthu kwa injini kumachitika kawirikawiri, ndipo pambaliyi oyendetsa ndege amaphunzitsidwa kuti ayambe kukonzanso. Othawa sayenera kudandaula nkomwe, chifukwa ndege ingathe kukhala pamapangidwe ngakhale popanda injini. Uwu ndi umboni weniweni: Mu 1982, ndege ya Boeing 747 inagwera mu mtambo wakuda umene unapangidwa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala. Zotsatira zake, injini zonse zinayi anakana, koma oyendetsa ndegewo adatha kukwera ndegeyo ku eyapoti yapafupi, ndipo palibe munthu aliyense amene anavulala.
18. Kodi mphezi, matalala kapena kugunda ndi mbalame n'zoopsa?
Ambiri adzadabwa ndi kuti anthu okwera ndege samamva ndipo sakuzindikira kuti mphezi ikuwombera ndegeyo ndipo chinthu chokha chomwe chingachitike ndi mphamvu yakuda ya dongosolo. Pachifukwa ichi, oyendetsa ndege amapangitsa kuti izi zisawonongeke, ndipo ndegeyo ikupitirizabe kuyenda bwino. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti ngozi imatengedwa ndi mbalame zomwe zimatha kulowa muwotchi kapena chitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke komanso ngakhale kuyaka kwa injini. Kuphatikizanso, kugunda ndi mbalame sikungathe "kupulumuka" pazenera. Mwa njira, ndege zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana poopseza mbalame, mwachitsanzo, magetsi opanga phokoso komanso ma helikopita. Kuopsa kwa ndege ndi matalala, koma mavuto a nyengo zakuthambo amatsimikiziridwa, ndipo akhoza kuyendayenda.
19. Chifukwa chiyani osasima amalandira ma parachute pangozi?
Kudalira pa parachute pa kutha kwa ndege ndi zopusa, ndipo izi ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri ngakhale momasuka sangathe kuvala parachute ndi malo otetezeka atatha kulumpha. Kuwonjezera apo, kuti muthamange bwinobwino kuchokera ku ndege, iyenera kuyenda pang'onopang'ono pamtunda wosachepera 5 km pamwamba pa nthaka.