Sizobisika kuti ana amapyola muyeso wa "chifukwa", pamene ali ndi chidwi ndi chirichonse padziko lapansi. Mafunso ena a apangidwe ang'onoang'ono amapanga osati makolo okha komanso asayansi omwe akhala akuyesera zaka kuti athetse chiyambi cha zinthu zamba.
Osati makolo okha, komanso asayansi akuvutika ndi chidwi cha ana omwe akufuna kupeza mayankho a mafunso osiyana. Kawirikawiri ngakhale banal "chifukwa" chimayambitsa vuto, popeza nkhani zambiri zidakalipobe ndi akatswiri. Kusamala kwanu - chiwerengero cha nkhani zotchuka kwambiri za ana, sikutheka kuyankha molondola pamphindi.
1. N'chifukwa chiyani anthu kumwetulira?
Akatswiri a zamaganizo amakhulupirira kuti anthu angathe kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yoposa 15 yosangalala, mwachangu, okondwa, onyenga, opusitsa komanso ena. Ngakhale abambo amamwetulira kuti asonyeze malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kotero amawagwiritsa ntchito kusonyeza zachiwawa, kuwonekera mano, kapena kumvera. Munthuyo amayamba kumwetulira ngakhale m'mimba mwa mayi, ndipo kumwetulira uku ndikumangoganizira. Ofufuzirawa amasonyeza kuti kumwetulira kwa ana ndi njira imodzi yoyamba yowonongolera, pamene iwo akumwetulira makolo awo.
2. N'chifukwa chiyani anthu amadumpha?
Pakati pa ziphunzitso zambiri zomwe zimayankha funsoli, zikuoneka kuti ndi chithandizo cha kukwera kungathetsere mavuto kuchokera mu ubongo ndikukonzekera ntchito yake. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mawere awonongeke kawirikawiri asanakagone, pamene ubongo umachepetsedwa, kapena pamene sugona mokwanira. Kulimbana ndi matenda opatsirana, amakhulupirira kuti chizoloŵezi choterechi chinapangidwa mwa anthu ngakhale nthawi zakale, pamene mtsogoleriyo adayang'ana kuti asonyeze aliyense yemwe sali woyenera bwino ndipo ena mwa phukusiyo amamuthandiza, motero kuwonjezereka pamodzi. Pali njira ina yomwe ikuwongolera ndi mtundu wodzigwirizanitsa womwe umapangitsa anthu kumvetsetsana.
3. N'chifukwa chiyani munthu "amagwa" m'maloto?
Anthu ambiri amamva ndipo amadzuka atatha kugwa mosavuta, osati kumvetsa zomwe zinachitikadi. Maganizo oterewa m'magulu a sayansi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "hypnotic jerk", ndipo maonekedwe ake akufotokozedwa ndi kudzipachika kumutu. Chifukwa chokwiyitsa, asayansi akulongosola m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pali lingaliro lakuti izi zimabwera chifukwa cha zizindikiro za primate: pamene iwo amagona pa nthambi, ziwalo za thupi zimakhoza kumverera thandizo. Malinga ndi zina, "kugwedeza" ndikutembenuka kuchokera kuntchito kuti ugone. Pa "kugwa" pali kutsutsana kwa machitidwe awiri a ubongo, ndipo kutaya ndikuthamanga kwa mphamvu.
4. Kodi zonse za padziko lapansi zimachitika kwa ndani?
Asayansi apanga kafukufuku kwa zoposa chaka chimodzi ndipo pamapeto pake anamaliza kunena kuti pafupifupi zamoyo zonse zili ndi mapuloteni ndi nucleic acid. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa ma genetic, kunali kotheka kuchepetsa chirichonse kwa kholo lomaliza lachilengedwe lonse (Chingerezi chotsiriza cha makolo onse - LUCA). Zinkawoneka ngati khola ndipo zaka 2.9 biliyoni zapitazo zinapereka nthambi ziwiri za chitukuko: eukaryota ndi mabakiteriya.
5. N'chifukwa chiyani munthu yemwe ali ndi maso otsekedwa amayenda mozungulira?
Mafilimu nthawi zambiri amasonyeza momwe munthu wotayika amayamba kuyenda mu bwalo, ndipo izi sizochitika, koma zoona zenizeni. Izi zimachitika ngati munthu atseka maso ake, choncho, poyamba adzapatukira pang'onopang'ono, kenako ayamba kuyenda mu bwalo. Kukaikira? Kenaka yesetsani kuyesa, pokhapokha pamodzi ndi wothandizira, amene angayang'anire chirichonse. Asayansi asanthula zodabwitsa izi ndipo adatsimikiza kuti izi zimachitika chifukwa palibe malo apadera m'danga. Pamapeto pake, kudalira kokha kumverera kwawo, munthu amayamba kusiya njira yolunjika. Pali lingaliro lina lakuti chinthu chonsecho chiri mu thupi lopanda thupi.
6. Kodi kukumbukira kumagwira ntchito bwanji?
Kwa nthawi yaitali anthu amakhulupirira kuti kukumbukira anthu kuli mkati mwa hippocampus (mbali ya ubongo) kapena kufalikira mu gulu la neurons losatha. Posachedwapa, asayansi aphunzira kulamulira kukumbukira kwa mbewa, ndikuyambitsa maunyolo enaake. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pamene kukumbukira kukuwoneka, maselo amodzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ubongo, omwe amathandizidwa pamene chochitikacho chikulandiridwa, ndiko kuti, kukumbukira sikungowonjezera maonekedwe, komanso "kukumbukira". Ngakhale asayansi sakanatha kuyankha funsolo, momwe ubongo umatsimikizira kugwirizana komwe mu ubongo kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, koma kupita patsogolo kuli kale.
7. Kodi msinkhu wa munthu ndi wotani?
M'mayiko osiyana pali maulendo autali - anthu, omwe ali ndi zaka 90 ndi pamwamba. Asayansi achita kafukufuku wochuluka kuti adziwe chomwe chimatsimikizira msinkhu wa munthu. Choyamba zinatsimikiziridwa kuti akazi amakhala ndi nthawi yaitali kuposa amuna. Mpaka 2017, amakhulupirira kuti munthu wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndiye Zachimwene Zachimwenye Zhanna Kalman, yemwe adamwalira atatha zaka 122, koma zotsatira zake zidapitilira. Ku Indonesia, mwamuna wina anakhala ndi moyo zaka 146. Osayansi sangathe kuyankha funso la zaka zingati zomwe munthu angakhale.
8. Kodi zinyama zinganene chivomezi?
Umboni wakuti zisanayambe kupha nyama zimakhala zodabwitsa, zimadziwikiranso ngakhale ku Ancient Greece, koma palibe chidziwitso chomwe khalidwe limaonedwa kuti ndi lachilendo komanso zomwe ziyenera kuzindikila zolosera. Zoona zake n'zakuti zinyama zimasintha mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe, koma n'zosatheka kumvetsa zomwe nyama zimasintha pa nthawi ya chivomerezi. Kuti tiphunzire izi, kufufuza kwachitika, koma zotsatira zake zikutsutsana, kotero n'kosatheka kunena zomwe zinyama zimatha kunena chivomezi.
9. N'chifukwa chiyani makalatawa amalembedwa mu zilembozi?
Ngakhale ana a sukulu amadziwa kuti zilembozo zinapangidwa ndi abale Cyril ndi Methodius, omwe anaganiza zomasulira Baibulo kwa Asilavo. Iwo anaphunzira phokoso limene linagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankhulana ndipo anadza ndi zilembo za alfabheti kwa iwo. Lamulo la makalata atsopano likufanana ndi chimphindi chachi Greek. Chifukwa chomwe abale adasankha kuchita zimenezo sichidziwika. Mwina zonse zokhudzana ndi ulesi ndi kusakhutira ndi zochitika zina, kapena mwinamwake iwo sanafune kuphwanya lamulo la chinenero cha Baibulo.
10. N'chifukwa chiyani njinga ikukwera osati kugwa?
Poyamba, mawu awiri ogwiritsidwa ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankha funso ili: mphamvu yowonongeka (kufotokoza mphamvu ya thupi lozungulira mofulumira kuti ligwire malo ake) ndi zotsatira zowonongeka (kusintha nthawi zonse kuchokera ku mphamvu ya centrifugal). Zomveka izi zinatsutsidwa ndi injiniya wa ku America mu 2011, pamene anamanga kavalidwe kamodzi ka njinga zomwe sizigwiritsa ntchito zotsatirazi. Kafukufuku m'derali akupitiriza, chifukwa chomwe chipangizochi chikukwera ndi kusunga bwino, sichinapezeke.
11. N'chifukwa chiyani anthu ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magazi?
Mu 1900, wasayansi wa ku Viennese Karl Landsteiner adatsimikiza kuti anthu ali ndi malire osiyana siyana a magazi, atatha kufufuza zomwe, adasankha magulu anayi a magazi. Chifukwa cha izi, zoperekazo zinayamba kufalikira, monga madokotala adatha kuganizira mozama zedi za antigen. Palibe mgwirizano pa chifukwa chomwe anthu ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magazi, asayansi alibe, koma pali lingaliro lakuti anthu akale analibe maantijeni, ndipo magazi anali gulu limodzi lokha. Zinthu zasintha chifukwa cha chilengedwe cha nyengo, zakudya ndi zina.
12. N'chifukwa chiyani ayezi amawomba?
M'nyengo yozizira, anthu ambiri amagwa ndi madzi oundana, amavulala kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake chotsalacho chinatsimikiziridwa - kupezeka pamwamba pa madzi osungunuka, koma chifukwa chake zimakhala - sizikudziwika bwino. Asayansi akuganiza kuti izi zimatheka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kutentha kwa ayezi chifukwa cha kuchulukitsidwa. Pali madzi omwe ayezi amasungunuka osati chifukwa cha kupanikizika, koma njira zina zakuthupi - kukangana. Okayikira ali otsimikizika ndi zina, kotero, amakhulupirira kuti ayezi nthawizonse amakhala ndi madzi osanjikiza, mosasamala kanthu kuti amakhudzidwa kapena ayi.