Zoona, asayansi ambiri ndi opanga zinthu zakale adayesa moyo wawo wonse kufunafuna njira zothetsera zofuna zawo zomwe zingakhale zosavuta komanso kusintha moyo wa munthu. Koma, monga zinaonekera, zinthu zambiri zofunika ndi zofunika "zinakhalapo" mwangozi.
Tinasonkhanitsa zinthu zonse zodziwika 25 zomwe palibe amene adafuna kulenga. Izo zinachitika basi. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, lero sitingaganize moyo popanda zozipeza izi!
1. shuga wotsalira - saccharin
Nthawi imodzi m'moyo, aliyense wa ife anayesera wolowera shuga. Koma anthu owerengeka sanaganizire momwe zinakhazikitsidwira. Mu 1879 Konstantin Felberg, katswiri wamagetsi, anali kuphunzira phula lamakala, akuyesera kupeza njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito. Ndipo, monga mwachizolowezi, atabwerera kunyumba atatha kugwira ntchito yovuta, adazindikira kuti zikondwerero za mkazi wake zimakhala zabwino kwambiri kuposa nthawi zonse. Pofunsa mkazi wake chomwe chinali cholakwika, iye ankaganiza kuti anaiwala kusamba m'manja atatha kugwira ntchito ndi phula. Ndi mmenenso amaloŵa m'malo mwa shuga amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse, m'malo moyera.
2. Fumbi lamatsenga
Dothi lamapanga ndi luso lopangidwa ndi nanotechnology, kutanthauza zipangizo zing'onozing'ono zopanda mawonekedwe zomwe zimagwira ntchito monga dongosolo limodzi. Fumbi lamakono linawonekera chifukwa cha wophunzira wophunzira maphunziro a University of California Jamie Link, amene adaphunzira chipangizo cha silicon. Chipulochi chinaphulika, ndipo Jamie adayendera lingaliro lakuti zidutswa zing'onozing'ono zingagwirenso ntchito mosiyana, monga dongosolo limodzi. Masiku ano, chipangizochi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti chizindikire chirichonse kuchokera ku zotupa zakufa kupita ku zamoyo.
3. Nsapato za mbatata
Inde, zikutanthauza kuti chotupitsa chomwe timachikonda sichingawonekere m'moyo wathu. Mu 1853, mtsogoleri wa apolisi ku George Cram ku New York mwangozi anapanga chips. Ndipo kotero, monga izi zinachitika: kasitomala wosakhutira adabweretsanso magawo a mbatata ku khitchini, akunena kuti inali "yonyowa". Kenaka Kram anakwiya kuti aphunzitse wothandizila phunziro ndi mbatata zowonongeka mu magawo oonda, okazinga mpaka kasupe ndi kuwaza kwambiri mchere. Kudabwa kwa wophika, mbaleyo inali yosangalatsa kwa kasitomala. Kotero panali chips.
4. Coca-Cola
Chakumwa chodabwitsa, chimene kukoma kwake kumadziwika kwa aliyense, kunkawoneka ngati mankhwala panthawi ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni chifukwa cha dokotala wa usilikali John Pemberton. Ndicho chifukwa chake cocaine ikupezeka pachiyambi cha Coca-Cola.
5. Zipatso zamchere
Mu 1905, soda inali imodzi mwa zakumwa zotchuka kwambiri. Frank Epperson wa zaka 11 anaganiza kuti akhoza kusunga ndalama zina za thumba lake ngati atapanga soda kunyumba. Pogwiritsa ntchito ufa ndi madzi, Frank anali pafupi kwambiri ndi madzi otentha a soda, koma chifukwa cha chisokonezo, mwangozi anasiya madzi pabwalo usiku wonse. Frank atatuluka pakhomo m'mawa, adawona kuti chisakanizocho chinali chisanu ndi ndodo yamanzere.
6. Mankhwala a ayisikilimu
Mpaka chaka cha 1904, ayisikilimu anatumizidwa mu mbale. Ndipo panthawi yamawonetseredwe a dziko lonse panali nyanga zopanda malire. Chiyankhulo pachiwonetserocho chinali ndi zokoma kwambiri za ayisikilimu kuti kufunika kwake kunali kwakukulu, ndipo mbalezo zinatha msanga. Panthawiyo, ku kiosk yoyandikana ndi mipando ya Perisiya, kunalibe malonda, kotero ogulitsawo anaganiza kuti agwirizane. Anayamba kupukuta zitsulo ndikuika ayisikilimu pamenepo. Ndimo momwe nyanga zakuda zinayambira.
7. Kuphimba teflon
Amayi amasiye ambiri amadziwa kuti chophimba cha Teflon cha mapeyala ozizira ndizo zomwe zathandiza nthawi zambiri. Ndipo izi zinapangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 chifukwa cha katswiri wa zamagetsi dzina lake Roy Plunkett, amene analephera kugwidwa ndi mafakitale. Kampani komwe Roy amagwira ntchito, mwamsanga anavomerezedwa kuti anapeza izi.
8. Mphira wokhala ndi mphira
Charles Goodyear wakhala zaka zambiri akuyesa kupeza raba yomwe imakhala yosagwirizana ndi kutentha ndi chisanu. Pambuyo poyesa zopambana zingapo, pomalizira pake adapeza chisakanizo chimene chinagwira ntchito. Asanatseke kuwala pamsonkhanowo, Charles anakhetsa mphira, sulfure ndi kutsogolera mwachangu padoko. Chisakanizocho chinasungidwa ndi kuumitsidwa. Pochita izi, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
9. Pulasitiki
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, shellac idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chodziletsa. Ichi ndi chilengedwe chachilengedwe chomwe chimapangidwa kuchokera ku resin, yomwe imapangidwa ndi mphutsi zakum'mwera chakumwera. Choncho, Leo Hendrik Bakeland, yemwe anali katswiri wa zamaphunziro, adaganiza kuti akhoza kupeza chuma ngati atabwera ndi njira ina yokhala ndi mtengo wapatali. Koma, zomwe adadza nazo zinali pulasitiki, zomwe, chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu, sizinasinthe katundu wake. Zolengedwazo zinayamba kutchuka ndipo zinatchedwa Bakelite.
10. Chisokonezo
Mu 1896, Henri Becquerel, yemwe anali katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, anachita kafukufuku pa luminescence ndi x-ray. Pofufuza phosphorescence mumchere wa uranium, Henry ankafuna kuwala kwa dzuwa. Koma tsiku limenelo ku Paris kunali nyengo yamvula. Kenaka wasayansi anaphimba mchere wa uranium mu pepala lakuda ndi kuika mu bokosi pazithunzi zazithunzi. Patapita sabata adabwerera kudzapitiriza kuphunzira. Koma, posonyeza filimuyo, adawona papepala la mchere pamapepala, omwe adawonekerako popanda mphamvu ya kuwala.
11. Mawein dye
Dye yopanga maonekedwe anawonekera chifukwa cholephera kuyesa katswiri wamasamba 18 wazaka William Perkin, yemwe anali kuyesera kuti adziwe mankhwala a malungo. Koma kulephera kwa sayansi kunayendetsa dziko lonse lapansi. Mu 1856, William anaona kuti kuyesera kwake, kapena m'malo mwake ndi turbid phala, anajambula chikhocho mwa mtundu wokongola. Kotero panali dye yoyamba yokonza dziko, yomwe inatchedwa Mowein.
12. Pacemaker
Greatbatch Wilson anagwiritsira ntchito popanga chipangizo chomwe chingalembetse chiyero cha mtima wa munthu. Koma panthawi ya kuyesa, iye mwadzidzidzi analowetsa mu njirayi sizotsutsana. Chotsatira chake, chipangizocho chinapangitsanso bwinobwino chiyero cha mtima. Choncho panali choyamba chokhazikika pamtunda.
13. Olemba Mapepala
Mu 1968, Spencer Silver anayesera kupanga glue wamphamvu kwa matepi a Scotch, koma anapeza zinthu zomwe zinali ndi zomatira, koma ngati zikanakakamizidwa mosavuta kuti zisasunthike popanda kusiya. Pambuyo polephera kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito glue uyu, mnzake wa Silver, Art Fry anazindikira kuti glue angagwiritsidwe ntchito pamapepala.
14. Mayikirowevu
Anthu onse padziko lapansi ayenela kuyamikila katswiri wa Navy Percy Spencer pozindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe timagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano mu mavuniki a microwave. Percy anali wotanganidwa ndi emitters ya microwave pamene anazindikira mwangozi kuti bokosi la chokoleti m'thumba mwake linayamba kusungunuka. Ndipo kuchokera mu 1945, palibe wina padziko lapansi amene adadziwa mavuto ndi kutentha chakudya.
15. Slinky - chidole chotuluka
Mu 1943, katswiri wa zamadzi wa US Richard James anayesa zitsime, kuyesa kupanga chipangizo cha ngalawayo. Iye mwangozi anagwetsa waya wopotoka pansi. Ndipo waya adalumphira ndipo adalumpha mwachidwi. Kuyambira apo, panali chidwi chenicheni pa chidole ichi, chomwe aliyense adachikonda: onse akulu ndi ana.
16. Zamapulasitiki a Ana Akusewera-Muzichita
Chimodzi mwa zidole za ana okondedwa kwambiri zinapezeka mwadzidzidzi. Poyambirira, zovuta zowonongeka zinkangokhala zowonongeka chabe. Komabe, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 anthu adasiya kugwiritsa ntchito malasha kuti azitha kutentha nyumba, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mapepala akhalabe oyera nthawi yaitali. Koma, mwachisangalalo, mwana wa katswiri wodziwa bwino Cleo McQuicker anapeza kuti kuchokera mumtundu uwu mukhoza kujambula zithunzi zosiyanasiyana.
17. Mphindi
Pofuna kupanga pulasitiki yamakono, Harry Kuver, wofufuza kafukufuku wa Kodak, anapeza gulu lopangidwa kuchokera ku cyanoacrylate. Koma panthawiyo, Harry anakana izi zopezeka chifukwa cha kupambana. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, chinthu ichi chinapezekanso ndipo chinawoneka pamsika ngati "glue super".
18. Kutsala kwa Velcro
Katswiri wina wa ku France dzina lake George de Mestral anali kusaka ndi galu wake atazindikira kuti burdock anali kumangirira ubweya wa bwenzi lake lalonda anayi. Pamapeto pake, adatha kubwezeretsanso zinthu zimenezi mu labotore. Koma zopangidwa sizinapangidwenso mpaka NASA izindikire izo.
19. Matabwa a X-ray
Mu 1895, William Roentgen, poyesa mazira, anazindikira kuti mafunde a chipangizo chotchedwa ray tube amatha kupyolera mu zinthu zolimba, kusiya mthunzi. Ndondomeko yeniyeni ya izi ndi yakuti kuwala kwa kuwala kunadutsa mwa magawo.
20. Galasi lopanda kanthu
Katswiri wa zamaphunziro a ku France, Edward Benedict, anagogoda mwakachetechete botolo pansi, koma mozizwitsa sanaphwanye, koma anangowamba. Wodabwa, Edward anaganiza zophunzira botolo bwinobwino ndipo anapeza kuti nitrate ya cellulose inali mu botolo isanayambe kuchititsa galasi kukhala lamphamvu. Kotero panali galasi loteteza.
21. Mbewu ya chimanga imatuluka
Pamene Waite Kate Kellogg anathandiza mchimwene wake kukonzekera chakudya kwa odwala kuchipatala, adapeza kuti mtandawo wasiya maola angapo ndikusintha. Ndiyeno Waite anaganiza kuti awone zomwe zikanati zichitike ngati ataphika zakudya zowonjezera. Ngakhale kuti sizikudziwika bwino zomwe zinachitika chifukwa cha kuyesa koyambirira, koma mbiri ya maonekedwe a chimflakes yoyamba ndi chimodzimodzi.
22. Dynamite
Musaganize kuti anthu adangophunzira kumene kuwomba chinachake. Kwa zaka zambiri anthu amagwiritsira ntchito nitroglycerin ndi mfuti, zomwe, ngakhale zinali zosiyana ndi zosakhazikika za katundu wawo. Alfred Nobel atagwira ntchito m'ma laboratori ndi nitroglycerin ndipo mwangozi adagwetsa vinyo m'manja mwake. Koma kupasuka sikukutsatira, ndipo Nobel anakhalabe ndi moyo, popanda kuvulala. Pambuyo pake, chinthucho chinagwera mwachindunji pamapopu a nkhuni, omwe ankatenga nitroglycerin mwaokha. Choncho zinatsimikiziridwa kuti nitroglycerin mukasakanizidwa ndi mankhwala aliwonse amtundu amakhalabe okhazikika.
23. Anesthesia
Zimakhala zovuta kunena yemwe akugwira nawo ntchito yowonongeka kwa anesthesia, koma ndithudi aliyense angathokoze chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa Crawford Long, William Morton ndi Charles Jackson. Ndiwo amene anapeza zodabwitsa za mankhwala osiyanasiyana monga nitrous oxide kapena gay gasi.
24. Chitsulo chosapanga
Lero, sitikuyimira moyo wathu popanda kudulidwa, zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi metallurgist wa ku England Harry Briarli. Harry anapanga mbiya ya mfuti, yomwe sinali dzimbiri. Pasanapite nthaŵi yaitali, katswiri wa metallurgist anayeza ana ake zinthu zosiyanasiyana zochititsa mantha. Poyesa bwino madzi a mandimu, Harry anazindikira kuti chitsulo chake chidzakhala chinthu chabwino kwambiri chocheka.
25. Penicillin
Akuphunzira za staphylococci, Alexander Fleming anawonjezera mabakiteriya ku chakudya cha Petri asanapite ku tchuthi ndi kuwasiya. Atabwerako ku tchuthi, Fleming ankayembekezera kuona mabakiteriya ambirimbiri, koma anadabwa kuona kuti nkhunguzo ndi zokha. Pambuyo pofufuza, wasayansi anapeza kuti chipangizo chodabwitsa cha nkhungu chinalepheretsa kukula kwa staphylococci, motero kutsegula mankhwala oyamba a antibiotic padziko lonse.