Anthu amasiku ano ali ndi maonekedwe a kutalika kwa ma radiation ndi zotsatira zake, chifukwa choopsa chachikulu chotsiriza chikuchitika zaka zoposa 30 zapitazo. Maizoni omwe amachititsa kuti thupi lisamawoneke ndi osawoneka, koma amatha kusintha mthupi mwathu kuti asawonongeke. Mu lalikulu, kamodzi kamene analandira mlingo, ndizowopsa kwambiri.
Kodi matenda a radiation ndi otani?
Ponena za mawu amenewa, amatanthauzidwa ndi matenda osokoneza bongo. Zimaphatikizapo zizindikiro zomwe zimadalira zifukwa zingapo:
- mtundu wa ma radiation;
- mlingo wolandila;
- mlingo umene ulusi wothandizira mavitamini umalowa m'thupi;
- chithunzi;
- kufalitsa mlingo mu thupi laumunthu.
Matenda a radiation oopsa
Matenda oterewa amachokera ku maonekedwe ofanana a ma radiation. Matenda oopsa a ma radiation amayamba pa madayiritsi opitirira 100 rad (1 Gy). Magazi a radioactive particles ayenera kupezeka kamodzi, kwa kanthawi kochepa. Matenda a mpweya wa mawonekedwewa nthawi yomweyo amachititsa mawonetseredwe a chipatala owonekera. Pa mlingo wa Gy oposa 10, munthu amafa pambuyo pozunzidwa mwachidule.
Matenda oopsa a ma radiation
Mtundu uwu ndi vuto lalikulu la matenda a matenda. Matenda osatha awonetseka ngati mlingo wa radiac irradiation uli wotsika, umakhala wa radi- 10 mpaka 50 pa tsiku kwa nthawi yaitali. Zizindikiro zenizeni za matendawa zimaonekera pamene chiwerengero cha ionization chikufikira 70-100 rad (0.7-1 Gy). Kuvuta kwa matenda opatsirana panthawi yake ndi chithandizo chotsatira kumakhala mu njira zowonongeka zamagetsi. Matenda oonongeka amabwezeretsedwa, ndipo zizindikiro zimakhalabe zosaoneka kwa nthawi yaitali.
Zifukwa za matenda a mpweya
Makhalidwe omwe ali ndi matenda omwe akufotokozedwa amayamba pansi pachithunzichi:
- X ray ray;
- ions, kuphatikizapo alpha ndi beta;
- masewera a gamma;
- neutroni;
- mapulotoni;
- muons ndi zina zoyambirira particles.
Zifukwa za matenda a radiation mu mawonekedwe ovuta:
- zoopsa zamagetsi mu mphamvu ya nyukiliya;
- kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zowonjezereka zowonjezereka mu zojambula, hematology, rheumatology;
- kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya.
Matenda a mpweya ndi matenda aakulu amayamba kutsogolo kwa:
- mafupipafupi a radiographic kapena radionuclide maphunziro a mankhwala;
- ntchito zamalonda zokhudzana ndi ma radiation;
- kudya zakudya zowonongeka ndi madzi;
- kumakhala kumalo osokonezeka.
Mafomu a matenda a radiation
Mitundu ya zizindikiro zomwe zimaperekedwa zimakhala zosiyana payekha ndi matenda aakulu. Poyamba, mawonekedwe otsatirawa amasiyanitsa:
- Msuzi wa mafupa. Zikugwirizana ndi mlingo wa mazira wa 1-6 Gy. Ili ndilo mtundu wokhawo wa matenda omwe ali ndi magawo okhwima ndi nthawi.
- Zosintha. Amayamba pambuyo poyang'ana ma radiation m'zigawo za 6-10 Gy. Chiwopsezo, nthawizina chimapangitsa imfa.
- M'mimba. Zimapezeka pamene kuyang'ana kwa radiation ndi 10-20 Gy. Zizindikiro zenizeni zimapezeka m'mphindi yoyamba ya chilonda, zotsatira zowonongeka zimachitika patapita masiku 8-16 chifukwa cha imfa ya m'mimba ya epithelium.
- Vascular. Dzina lina ndiwopweteka kwambiri wa matenda oopsa a radiation, okhudzana ndi mlingo wa ionification wa 20-80 Gy. Imfa imachitika patatha masiku 4-7 kuti izi zisachitike chifukwa cha matenda aakulu a hemodynamic.
- Cerebral (fulminant, yovuta). Chithunzi cha kliniki chikuphatikiza ndi kutaya chidziwitso komanso kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya magazi mutatha kutentha kwa 80-120 Gy. Zotsatira zoopsa zimachitika masiku atatu oyambirira, nthawizina munthu amamwalira mkati mwa maola angapo.
- Imfa pansi pa ray. Pa mlingo wa 120 gy, chamoyo chamoyo chimamwalira nthawi yomweyo.
Matenda aakulu a ma ARV amagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
- Zofunikira. Kuwonetsa maonekedwe a ma radiation kwa nthawi yaitali.
- Inhomogeneous. Zimaphatikizapo zitsulo zamkati ndi zamkati zomwe zimakhudza ziwalo zina ndi zinyama.
- Kuphatikizidwa. Kusagwirizana ndi ma radiation (m'deralo ndi machitidwe) ndi zotsatira zake zamoyo zonse.
Maphunziro a matenda a radiation
Kuopsa kwa kuphwanya kumayesedwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ma radiation omwe analandira. Mlingo wa kuwonetseredwa kwa matenda a radiation:
- kuwala - 1-2 Gy;
- olemera-olemera - 2-4 Gy;
- olemera - 4-6 Gy;
- olemetsa kwambiri - oposa 6 Gy.
Matenda a mpweya - zizindikiro
Chithunzi cha kachipatala cha matendawa chimadalira mtundu wake ndi kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo ndi ziwalo za mkati. Zizindikiro zofala za matenda a radiation pa malo osavuta:
- kufooka;
- chisokonezo;
- mutu;
- wotchedwa blush;
- kugona;
- kutopa;
- kumverera kwouma, ukali m'kamwa .
Zizindikiro za ma radiation ku madigiri olemera kwambiri:
- kusanza;
- malungo;
- kutsekula m'mimba;
- kupukuta kwakukulu kwa khungu;
- kukomoka;
- kupweteka kwakukulu;
- hypotension;
- chisamaliro cha pulse;
- bongo ;
- kusowa mgwirizano;
- kugwedezeka kwa miyendo;
- kusowa kudya;
- kuyabwa;
- matumbo a m'mimba ;
- magazi;
- mapangidwe a zilonda zam'mimba;
- kusowa tsitsi;
- kupukuta, misomali yopweteka;
- chisokonezo cha ziwalo zoberekera;
- ululu mu mtima ;
- matenda opatsirana;
- kunthunthumira kwala zala;
- kusweka kwa tendon reflexes;
- kuchepa kwa minofu;
- kupweteka kwa mkati;
- kuwonongeka kwa ntchito yapamwamba ya ubongo;
- hepatitis ndi ena.
Nyengo za matenda a radiation
Kuwonongeka kwa ma radiation kumachitika magawo anayi. Nthawi iliyonse imadalira pa siteji ya matenda a radiation ndi kuuma kwake:
- Chofunika kwambiri. Gawo loyambirira limakhala masiku asanu ndi limodzi (5), nthawi yake ikuwerengedwa molingana ndi mlingo woyenera wa walitsa - kuchuluka kwa Gy + 1. Chizindikiro chachikulu cha choyamba chachikulu ndi kuledzera kwa thupi , zomwe zimaphatikizapo zizindikiro zisanu zoyambirira - chifuwa, kufooka, kusanza, kufiira kwa khungu ndi kutentha thupi .
- Kuganiza bwino. "Thupi loyenda" limakhalapo chifukwa cha kusakhala kwa chithunzi china. Wodwalayo amaganiza kuti matenda a radiation adatha, koma kusintha kwa thupi kumakula. Kudziwa matendawa kungangokhala chifukwa cha kuphwanya magazi.
- Kutentha. Panthawi iyi, zizindikiro zambiri zomwe tazitchula pamwambazi zikupezeka. Kuwopsa kwawo kumadalira kulemera kwake kwa chiwindi ndi mlingo wa ma radiation omwe amalandira.
- Kubwezeretsa. Ndi mankhwala ovomerezeka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi moyo, komanso mankhwala oyenera, chiyambi chimayamba. Ziwalo zonse ndi ndondomeko zimabwereranso kuntchito yogwira ntchito.
Matenda a mpweya - mankhwala
Mankhwala amapangidwa pambuyo pa zotsatira za kufufuza kwa munthu wovulalayo. Chithandizo choyenera cha matenda a radiation chimadalira kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka ndi kuopsa kwa matenda. Mukalandira mankhwala ochepa, imateteza zizindikiro za poizoni ndikuyeretsa thupi la poizoni. Pa milandu yoopsa, chithandizo chapadera chikufunika, chokonzekera kuthetsa kusokonezeka konse komwe kwatuluka.
Matenda a mpweya ndi thandizo loyamba lachipatala
Ngati munthu ali ndi ma radiation, gulu la akatswiri ayenera kutchedwa nthawi yomweyo. Asanafike, muyenera kuchita zinazake.
Matenda owopsa a ma radiation - thandizo loyamba:
- Chotsani mchitidwe wovutitsidwa (zovala ndizochotsedwa).
- Sambani thupi lonse pansi pa osamba.
- Ndi bwino kutsuka maso, pakamwa komanso pamphuno ndi mankhwala a soda.
- Sungani m'mimba ndi m'matumbo.
- Perekani antiemetics (Metoclopramide kapena analogue).
Matenda owopsa a ma radiation - mankhwala
Mukalowa m'chipatala chachipatala munthu amaikidwa m'dothi losatetezedwa (bokosi) kuti ateteze matenda ndi mavuto ena a matenda omwe akufotokozedwa. Matenda a mpweya amafunika njira yotsatirayi:
- Kutha kwa kusanza. Amasankhidwa Ondansetron, Metoclopramide, neuroleptic Chlorpromazine. Pamaso pa chilonda, platifillin amapanga mafuta kapena atropine sulphate ndi yabwino kwambiri.
- Kuchotsedwa. Mankhwalawa ali ndi njira yothetsera thupi ndi shuga, Dextran akukonzekera amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Chithandizo cha m'malo. Matenda oopsa a mazira akuphatikizapo zakudya za parenteral. Kuchita izi, mafuta emulsions ndi njira zothetsera zinthu, amino acid ndi mavitamini - Intralipid, Lipofundin, Infezol, Aminol ndi ena.
- Kubwezeretsa kwa magazi. Kuti lifulumizitse mapangidwe a granulocytes ndi kuwonjezera maganizo awo mu thupi mwachindunji amathandizira Filgrastim. Odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a radiation amawonetsanso kuika magazi tsiku lililonse.
- Kuchiza ndi kupewa matenda. Mankhwala opha tizilombo amphamvu ndi ofunika kwambiri - Methylcin, Tseporin, Kanamycin ndi zofanana. Kukonzekera kwachilengedwe, monga hyperimmune, plasma antistaphylococcal, kumathandiza kuti ukhale wopambana.
- Kuchepetsa ntchito ya m'mimba ya microflora ndi bowa. Pankhaniyi, palinso mankhwala opha tizilombo omwe amalembedwa - Neomycin, Gentamicin, Ristomycin. Kuteteza candidiasis, Nystatin, Amphotericin B.
- Thandizo la mavairasi. Monga chithandizo choteteza, Acyclovir akulimbikitsidwa.
- Kulimbana ndi magazi. Kupititsa patsogolo khungu la magazi ndi kulimbikitsa makoma ozungulira kumapereka mahomoni a steroid, Dicinone, Rutin, fibrinogen mapuloteni, kukonzekera E-ACC.
- Kubwezeretsa kwa microcirculation ndi kupewa magazi. Heparins yogwiritsidwa ntchito - Nadroparin, Enoxaparin ndi zofanana.
- Kupirovanie yotupa njira. Chofulumira kwambiri chimapangidwa ndi prednisolone mu mlingo waung'ono.
- Kupewa kugwa. Onetsani glycosides a mtima , Nitacamide, Phenylephrine, Sulphocamphocaine.
- Kupititsa patsogolo malamulo oyendetsa ubongo. Injected Novocain, mavitamini owonjezeredwa B, calcium gluconate.
- Mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito zilonda zam'mimba. Kupatsidwa mankhwala odzola soda kapena novocaine, furatsilinom, hydrogen peroxide, emulsion propolis ndi zina zotero.
- Kuchiza kwa khungu kwa khungu lomwe lakhudzidwa. Pa malo otenthedwa maonekedwe odzola akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Rivanol, Linol, Furacilin.
- Chidziwitso. Malingana ndi zizindikiro zomwe zilipo, odwala amapatsidwa mankhwala, antihistamines ndi mankhwala opweteka, otetezera.
Matenda owopsa a ma radiation - mankhwala
Mbali yaikulu ya mankhwala mu izi ndi kutha kwa maulendo ndi ma radiation. Kwa zilonda zofatsa, ndi bwino kuti:
- zakudya;
- mankhwala;
- zokopa zachilengedwe za dongosolo lamanjenje (lemongrass, ginseng ndi zina);
- Kukonzekera kwa bromine ndi caffeine;
- mavitamini a gulu B;
- pa zizindikiro - zotonthozera.
Njira, momwe mungaperekere matenda a radiation osatha m'kati mwachangu, ndi ofanana ndi njira za mankhwala omwe ali ndi matenda aakulu. Mphamvu ya zisonkhezero zamankhwala zimadalira:
- kuwonongeka kwa radioactive;
- kufotokoza kwa zinthu zina;
- Kukhalapo kwa mavuto.
Zotsatira za matenda a radiation
Chikhalidwe cha kuwonongeka kosasinthika kumagwirizana ndi mtundu wa maselo omwe amachititsidwa ionization ndipo mlingo umalandira. Zotsatira za kusokonezeka kwa ma radio:
- kuchepetsa chiyembekezo cha moyo;
- chowongolera;
- zotupa zopweteka;
- gene mutations (cholowa);
- kusintha mu njira yobereka;
- kupweteka kwa mitsempha ya magazi ndi ziphuphu;
- matenda okhudzana ndi chitetezo komanso ena.
Matenda a mpweya - kupewa
Njira zothandizira zimathandiza kupewa chitukuko cha matendawa. Kupewa matenda a radiation:
- Kuwonetseredwa kwa malo omwe amapezeka poizoni;
- kusunga malamulo a chitetezo cha ntchito;
- phwando la ma radioprotectors, vitamini C, B6 ndi P;
- kugwiritsa ntchito maantibolics a mahomoni.