Zaka za Indonesia

Indonesia - dziko lachilumba chachikulu kwambiri, limene mafunde awo amatsuka ndi madzi a m'nyanja ya Indian ndi Pacific. Pano, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndi chikhalidwe cholemera, ndi akachisi apadera a Indonesia - ichi ndi chifukwa china chobwera m'dziko lino.

Pali nyumba zambiri zachipembedzo ku Indonesia: akachisi, nyumba, mipingo, mapemphero komanso zipembedzo zonse. Zina mwa izo pali ma kachisi akale tsopano ndi otsekedwa ndi otetezedwa, omwe lero si achipembedzo chabe komanso nyumba yopangidwa ndi zomangamanga komanso mbiri. Kachisi ku Indonesia ndi a Catholic, Buddhist ndi Chihindu.

Nyumba Zachikatolika za Indonesia

Chikatolika ku Indonesia chinaonekera posakhalitsa. Pafupifupi zaka 100-150 zapitazo, othawa kwawo ochokera ku Ulaya anayamba kugula malo ndi kumanga sukulu za Katolika, maseminare ndi mipingo. Ndiyenela kuonetsa mipingo yotsatira ya Katolika ku Indonesia:

1. Cathedral ya St. Peter ku Bandung , tchalitchi chachikulu cha diocese ya Bandung. Kachisi amaimirira pa maziko a mpingo wakale wa St. Francis. Katolikayo inamangidwa malinga ndi ntchito yomanga nyumba kuchokera ku Holland Charles Wolff Shemaker. Kupatulira kwa nyumba yatsopanoyi kunachitika pa February 19, 1922.
2. Cathedral ya Mariya Wolemekezeka Mariya mumzinda wa Bogor , tchalitchi chachikulu cha diocese, imatchedwa kachisi wamkulu kwambiri pachilumba cha Java. Woyambitsa tchalitchi chachikulu ndi bishopu waku Netherlands, Adam Carolus Klassens. Chipinda cha nyumbayi chikukongoletsedwa ndi chifaniziro cha Madonna ndi Child.
3. Katolika wa Mariya Wodala Virgin mumzinda wa Semarang , tchalitchi chachikulu cha Diocese ya Semarang. Ikuphatikizidwa mu mndandanda wamakhalidwe abwino a ku Indonesia. Kachisi anamangidwa pa malo a tchalitchi chakale cha parish mu 1935.

Nyumba Zachihindu za ku Indonesia

Mofanana ndi kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi, akachisi achihindu ku zilumba za Indonesia amadabwa ndi kukongola kwawo kodabwitsa. Zinthu zotsatizana zachihindu za Hindu zimakonda kwambiri alendo ndi alendo:

1. Garuda Vishnu Kenchana ndi paki yapadera ya Bukit Peninsula, yomwe imakumbukira chifaniziro chachikulu cha mulungu Vishnu padziko lonse - 146 mamita. Zithunzi zojambulidwazi sizinakonzedwe, koma zakhala zikukopa okhulupirira ambiri. Pakiyi, mutu wapadera, manja ndi chifaniziro cha Vishnu poyembekezera msonkhano.
2. Gedong Songo - nyumba yaikulu ya pakachisi, yomwe ili pakati pa chilumba cha Java . Nyumbayi ikuphatikizapo ma kachisi asanu. Anamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma VIII-IX BC. mu nthawi ya ufumu wa Mataram. Zachisi zonse zinamangidwa ndi miyala yamoto ndipo ndi nyumba zakale zachihindu za pachilumba cha Java. Nambala yachitatu yokhala ndi nyumbayi imakongoletsedwa ndi alonda.
3. Chandi - omwe amatchedwa akachisi onse oyambirira a Chihindu ndi Buddhism, omwe anamangidwa m'zaka zapakati pa Indonesia. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amatha kupanga mapangidwe a zomangamanga za kumangidwa kwa zaka za m'ma Mediya ndi India komanso miyambo yakale. Nyumba zonse zimakhala ndi nyumba zokhala ndi makona awiri, okhala ndi zikopa kapena zofanana ndi zomangamanga. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi malo opatulika a Dieng ndi Borobudur . Nyumba iliyonse inali kachisi komanso manda a olamulira akale.
4. Prambanan ndi malo aakulu kwambiri a akachisi a Chandi, kuyambira kale kwambiri. Prabmanan ili pamtima pa chilumba cha Java. Zikuoneka kuti zinamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 10 mu Mataram. Kuchokera mu 1991 ndi malo a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Malinga ndi nthanoyi, makoma onse adamangidwa chifukwa cha chikondi chosagonjetsedwa ngati kachisi wokhala ndi zilembo 1000.
5. Besaki - nyumba yopatulika ya kachisi, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 1 pamwamba pa nyanja pakati pa mitambo. Ukale wa kachisi uli zaka zoposa 3,000, zovutazo zikuphatikizapo ma temples oposa 20 omwe ali ndi mayina ndi zolinga. Dera la zovutazi limakongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli zambirimbiri zosonyeza ziwanda ndi milungu. Kachisi akugwira ntchito, Ahindu okha ndi omwe angalowemo.

Nyumba za Buddhist za Indonesia

Nyumba zamakono komanso mabwinja akale a Buddhist ndiwo malo aakulu kwambiri m'dera la Indonesia. Odziwika kwambiri pakati pa asayansi ndi alendo ndi awa:

1. Borobudur ndi yaikulu Buddhist stupa komanso kachisi wamkulu wa Mahayana Buddhism miyambo. Kumangidwa ku chilumba cha Java pakati pa 750 ndi 850, chipululu cha Borobudur ndi malo aulendo waukulu. Lili ndi mawoti 8. Pamwamba muli zochepa 72 zofanana ndi belu, mkatimo muli mafano 504 a Buddha ndi 1460 zipembedzo zochepetsera. Kachisi anapezedwa m'nkhalango pansi pa zigawo za phulusa laphalaphala mu 1814. Mwa mawonekedwe awa, iye anaima kwa zaka pafupifupi 800.
2. Kachisi wakale wa Muaro Jambi ali pachilumba cha Sumatra . Zikuoneka kuti zinamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma XI-XIII AD. Ndi malo omwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anafufuzira. Zimakhulupirira kuti iyi ndiyo yaikulu kwambiri ya mabwinja akale a kachisi wa Buddhist ku Southeast Asia konse. Nyumba zambiri zimakhalabe m'nkhalango yambiri. Nyumbayi imamangidwa ndi njerwa yofiira, yokongoletsedwa ndi zojambulajambula ndi zojambulajambula.
3. Kachisi wa Buddhist Muara Takus ndi umodzi mwa akachisi aakulu kwambiri omwe ali pachilumba cha Sumatra. Ndicho chikumbutso cha dziko lonse komanso malo ofukula kwambiri kuyambira mu 1860. Zonsezi zikuzunguliridwa ndi khoma lamwala ndi zitsulo. M'kati mwa makoma a kachisi muli zinthu 4 za Chibuda. Nyumba zonse zimamangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri ya zipangizo: miyala yofiira ndi mchenga.
4. Brahmavihara Arama ndi kachisi wamkulu kwambiri wa Buddhist pachilumba cha Bali . Ikugwira ntchito, yomangidwa mu 1969. Nyumbayi imakongoletsedwa malinga ndi miyambo yonse ya Buddhism: zokongoletsera za mkati, maluwa ambiri ndi zobiriwira, ziboliboli za golide za Buddha.