Mbiri imabisa zambiri zokhudzana ndi zovuta zowopsa kwa anthu omwe ankachitidwa "m'dzina" la mankhwala. Ena a iwo adadziwika kwa anthu.
Kuyesedwa kwa mankhwala atsopano ndi njira zamankhwala zikuchitidwa mwa anthu pokhapokha pali chidaliro kuti chiwerengero cha zotsatira zolakwika chichepetsedwa. Mwatsoka, sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Mbiri imadziwa nthawi zingapo pamene anthu adakhala nkhumba osati zaufulu zawo ndipo adamva ululu waukulu ndi ululu waukulu.
1. Njira "zokwera" munthu m'mutu
M'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960, CIA inayambitsa pulogalamu yofufuzira yotchedwa Project MKULTRA, kuyesedwa kwa zotsatira za ubongo wa mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo pofuna kupeza njira yothetsera chidziwitso. CIA, asilikali, madokotala, mahule ndi anthu a mitundu ina adayikidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, akuphunzira momwe amachitira. Chofunika koposa, anthu sankadziwa kuti anali kuyesera. Kuonjezera apo, madyerero adalengedwa, kumene mayesero ankayendetsedwa ndipo zotsatira zake zinalembedwa mothandizidwa ndi makamera obisika kuti azisanthula. Mu 1973, mkulu wa CIA adalamula kuti awononge mapepala onse okhudzana ndi polojekitiyi, choncho sizingatheke kupeza umboni wa zoyesayesa zoterezi.
2. Mankhwala opatsirana opusa
Mu 1907, Dr. Henry Cotton anakhala mtsogoleri wa chipatala kuchipatala mumzinda wa Trenton, ndipo anayamba kufotokoza kuti chifukwatu chachikulu cha matendawa ndi matenda omwe amapezeka. Dokotala anachita masauzande ambiri popanda chilolezo cha odwala omwe anali amagazi ndi opanda pake. Anthu anali atachotsedwa mano, matoni ndi ziwalo zamkati, zomwe, malinga ndi adokotala, ndiwo anali magwero a vutoli. Ndipo koposa zonse, dabwitsa adakhulupirira chiphunzitso chake kotero kuti adayesa yekha ndi banja lake. Chotukukacho chinanyanyira kwambiri zotsatira za kufufuza kwake, ndipo pambuyo pa imfa yake iwo sanayambitsidwenso kachiwiri.
3. Kafukufuku woopsa wokhudzana ndi zotsatira za ma radiation
Mu 1954, kuyesera kwakukulu kunachitika ku America chifukwa cha anthu okhala ku Marshall Islands. Anthu adzidzidzidzidwa ndi kuvuta kwa radioactive. Kafukufukuyu amatchedwa "Project 4.1". Pazaka khumi zoyambirira chithunzicho sichinali chowonekera, koma patatha zaka khumi zotsatirazo zinawonekera. Nthawi zambiri ana anayamba kuganizira khansa ya chithokomiro, ndipo pafupifupi anthu atatu alionse omwe amakhala pachilumbachi amayamba kukhala ndi ziphuphu. Zotsatira zake, dipatimenti ya komiti ya mphamvu yanena kuti oyesera samafunika kuti azichita maphunzirowa, koma kuti athandize ozunzidwa.
4. Osati njira yothetsera, koma kuzunza
Ndibwino kuti mankhwala samayimilira ndipo nthawi zonse amasintha, chifukwa njira zamankhwala zam'mbuyomu zinali, kuziyika modekha, osati umunthu. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1840, Dr. Walter Johnson anachitira chiphuphu cha mphepo ndi madzi otentha. Kwa miyezi yambiri adayesa njira iyi kwa akapolo. Jones anafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mmene munthu wina wazaka 25 anadula, adayika pamimba ndikutsanulira pamsana wake 19 malita a madzi otentha. Pambuyo pake, ndondomekoyi idayenera kubwerezedwa maola anai onse, omwe, malinga ndi adokotala, amayenera kubwezeretsa makinawa. Jones adanena kuti wapulumutsa ambiri, koma izi ziribe umboni wotsimikizika.
5. Korea Yobisika ndi yoopsa
Dziko lotsekedwa kwambiri, zomwe zenizeni zimayesedwa, (palibe amene angadziwe za iwo) - North Korea. Pali umboni wakuti ufulu waumunthu ukuphwanyidwa kumeneko, amaphunzira mofanana ndi a chipani cha Nazi pamene nkhondo ikuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, mayi wina amene ankakhala m'ndende ya kumpoto kwa Korea ananena kuti akaidiwo adakakamizika kudya kabichi wakupha, ndipo anthu amamwalira pakatha mphindi 20 mutasanza. Palinso umboni wakuti pali magalasi ogulitsira magalasi m'ndende, momwe mabanja onse amavulazidwa ndi poizoni ndi mpweya. Panthawiyi, ofufuza adawona kuvutika kwa anthu.
6. Kuyesera komwe kunayambitsa mkwiyo
Mu 1939, ku yunivesite ya Iowa, Wendell Johnson ndi wophunzira wake wophunzira anamaliza kuyesa komwe amasiye amapezeka kuti akuyesera. Anawo adagawidwa m'magulu awiri ndipo wina anayamba kulimbikitsidwa ndikutamandidwa chifukwa cha kulankhula momveka bwino, ndipo chachiwiri - kuyankha molakwika komanso molakwika chifukwa cha mavuto omwe amatha. Chotsatira chake, ana omwe amalankhula mwachizolowezi ndipo anali ndi chizoloŵezi choipa, adapeza malingaliro a moyo. Kuti asunge mbiri ya yunivesite yotchuka, zotsatira za kuyesedwa zinabisika kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo mu 2001 olamulirawo adapempha kupepesa kwapagulu.
7. Zofufuza zokhudzana ndi magetsi
Zaka zoposa zana zapitazo, chithandizo chogwedeza magetsi chinali chotchuka kwambiri. Dr. Robert Bartolow anazindikira njira yapadera yochizira, kuchiza mkazi wovutika ndi zilonda padekha. Zinachitika mu 1847. Chilondachi chikufalikira kumadera ambiri, kuwononga fupa, chifukwa cha zomwe zinatheka kuti uwonenso ubongo wa mkaziyo. Dokotalayo adaganiza zopindula ndi izi ndipo anachita zotsatirazi pa limbalo. Poyamba wodwalayo anamva atamasulidwa, koma atatha kugwidwa ndi matendawa ndipo anamwalira. Anthuwo anapanduka, choncho Bartolou anasamuka.
8. Kuwonongedwa kwa anthu omwe si achikhalidwe
Zili mudziko lamakono m'mayiko ambiri omwe anthu amalekerera anthu omwe sali achikhalidwe chawo, ndipo asanakhale kufuna kudzipatula. Pakati pa 1971 mpaka 1989 mu zipatala za usilikali ku South Africa adagwilitsila nchito "Aversia", yomwe cholinga chake chinali kuthetsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chotsatira chake, pafupifupi asilikari mazana asanu ndi awiri a amuna ndi akazi adakumana ndi zovuta zambiri zolakwika komanso zoopsa zamankhwala.
Choyamba, n'zosadabwitsa kuti ansembe "anapeza" amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Choyamba, "odwala" adalandira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo ngati panalibe zotsatira, ndiye kuti matenda a maganizo amasintha njira zambiri: hormonal ndi mantha. Chisangalalo cha oyesera sichimathera pomwepo, ndipo osauka ankhondo anali ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo ena adasintha kugonana kwawo.
9. Kutsegulidwa kochititsa mantha kwa White House
Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Barack Obama, boma linakhazikitsa komiti yofufuzira yomwe inkachita kafukufuku ndipo inapeza kuti mu 1946 a White House omwe athandizidwa ochita kafukufuku amene anadwala mwadala ndi syphilis ndi 1,300 Guatemala. Kuyesera kwapita zaka ziwiri, ndipo cholinga chawo chinali kuwulula momwe penicillin amathandizira pochiza matendawa.
Ochita kafukufuku adachita zoopsa: iwo adalipira mahule, omwe amafalitsa matendawa pakati pa asilikali, akaidi komanso anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a maganizo. Odwalawa sankaganiza kuti akudwala. Chifukwa cha kuyesera, anthu 83 anafa ndi syphilis. Pamene chirichonse chinali chitseguka, Barack Obama adapepesa kwa boma komanso anthu a Guatemala.
10. Zotsatira za ndende zamaganizo
Mu 1971, katswiri wa zamaganizo Philip Zimbardo anaganiza zoyesayesa kuti adziwe mmene anthu amachitira ukapolo komanso omwe ali ndi mphamvu. Ophunzira odzipereka ku yunivesite ya Stanford anagawa m'magulu: akaidi ndi alonda. Chifukwa chake, panali masewera mu "ndende". Katswiri wa zamaganizo anapeza zotsatira zosayembekezereka kwa achinyamata, motero, omwe anali mtsogoleri wa alonda, anayamba kusonyeza zizoloŵezi zowononga, ndipo "akaidi" adawonetsa kukhumudwa kwa maganizo ndi kusowa mphamvu. Zimbardo anasiya kuyesayesa msanga, chifukwa kukhumudwa kwamtima kunali kowala kwambiri.
11. Kafukufuku wakufa kwa asilikali
Kuchokera kuzinthu zotsatirazi sikutheka kuti zisapse. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Sino-Japan ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse, panali gulu lofufuza kafukufuku wamagulu ndi mankhwala omwe ankatchedwa "Block 731". Siro Ishii adamuuza iye ndipo analibe mtima, pamene ankaganizira za anthu komanso ankachita zamoyo (ngakhale kutsegula zamoyo), ngakhalenso atsikana omwe ali ndi pakati, kutengedwa ndi kutsekemera kwa miyendo, adayambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Ndipo akaidiwo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zowononga zida.
Chododometsa ndizodziwitsidwa kuti pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo Ishii sichidzasokonekera kwa akuluakulu a boma ku America. Chotsatira chake, adakhala tsiku limodzi m'ndendemo ndipo anamwalira zaka 67 za khansa ya larynx.
Kufufuza koopsa kwa ntchito zachinsinsi za USSR
M'nthawi ya Soviet Union, panali malo osungirako malo omwe anawonekeratu kuti ziphepo za anthu. Ophunzira anali otchedwa "adani a anthu." Zofukufuku sizinapangidwe kokha, koma kuti apeze njira yothetsera mankhwala yomwe sitingathe kuizindikira pambuyo pa imfa ya munthu. Chifukwa chake, mankhwalawa anapezedwa ndipo amatchedwa "K-2." A Mboni amanena kuti poyambitsa matendawa, munthu amatha kutaya mphamvu, amakhala ngati kuti ali otsika, ndipo amafa kwa mphindi 15.