Ngati palibe amene akuyankhula nawo, izi sizikutanthauza kuti ayenera kuiwalika.
Sichidachitike kuti wina wa inu atatha kuwerenga nkhaniyi angafune kudziwa chimodzi mwa zinenero zomwe zili pansipa. Pali chinthu chobisika komanso chozizwitsa ponena za iwo, kotero kuti chimakopa polyglot iliyonse.
10. A Akkadian
Pamene izo zinkawonekera: 2800 BC.
Apezeka: 500 AD.
Zambiri: lingua franca ya Mesopotamiya yakale. Chilankhulo cha Akkadian chinagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zofanana zofanana ndi za ku Sumeriya. Pa izo zinalembedwa mndandanda wa Gilgamesh, nthano ya Enuma ndi Elisa ndi ena ambiri. Chilankhulo cha chinenero chakufa chikufanana ndi galamala ya Chiarabu.
Zotsatira za phunziroli: anthu adzakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu pamene awona kuti mungawerenge mosavuta zithunzi izi zachilendo kwa iwo.
Kuipa kowerenga: mudzapeza zovuta kupeza interlocutor.
9. Chihebri cha Baibulo
Pamene izo zinkawonekera: 900 BC.
Anafalikira: 70 BC.
Chidziwitso Chachidziwikire: palembedwapo Chipangano Chakale, chomwe chinamasuliridwa m'Chigiriki chakale kapena, monga momwe chimatchulidwira, Septuagint.
Zotsatira za phunziroli: Baibulo liri lofanana kwambiri ndi Chihebri chamakono.
Zopindulitsa za phunziro lake: sizikhala zophweka kulankhula ndi munthu wina.
8. Coptic
Pamene izo zinkawonekera: 100 AD.
Yafalikira: 1600 AD.
Chidziwitso Chachidziwikire: chili ndi mabuku onse a mpingo wachikhristu woyambirira, kuphatikizapo laibulale ya Nag Hammadi, yomwe imakhala ndi mauthenga otchuka a Gnostic.
Zotsatira za phunziro lake: izi ndizo maziko a chinenero cha Aigupto, chogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chilembo cha Chigriki, ndipo zimveka ngati zodabwitsa.
Zopindulitsa za phunziro lake: tsoka, palibe yemwe akuyankhula naye chifukwa chake iye anakakamizika kutuluka ndi Aarabu.
7. Chiaramu
Pamene izo zinkawoneka: 700 BC.
Apezeka: 600 AD.
Zambiri: Kwa zaka zambiri ndi lingua franca ya Middle East. Chiaramu chimadziwika ndi chilankhulo cha Yesu Khristu. Pa izo zinalembedwa gawo lalikulu la Talmud, komanso mabuku a Daniel a Ezara.
Zotsatira za kuphunzira kwake: sizomwe zikusiyana kwambiri ndi Chihebri cha m'Baibulo, choncho, pokhala mukuphunzira izo, mukhoza kupha mbalame ziwiri ndi mwala umodzi. Ngati mukufuna, tangoganizani kuti mukuyankhula chinenero cha Yesu.
Zopindulitsa za phunziro lake: pa izo palibe amene amalankhula, osati kuwerenga chiwerengero cha chi Aramaic.
6. English English
Pamene izo zinkawonekera: 1200 AD.
Apezeka: 1470 AD.
Zambiri Zomwe mukuwerenga: Pazimenezi mukhoza kuwerenga zolemba za "bambo wa ndakatulo ya Chingerezi" Jeffrey Chaucer, Baibulo lotembenuzidwa ndi Wycliffe, komanso ana a ballads "Robin Hood's Feats", omwe amalingaliridwa ngati nkhani zoyambirira za msilikali wotchuka.
Zotsatira za phunziro lake: izi ndizo maziko a Chingerezi chamakono.
Zowonongeka kuziwerenga ndizo: Musapeze munthu yemwe ali ndi ufulu wake.
5. Sanskrit
Pamene anawonekera: 1500 BC.
Chidziwitso Chachidziwitso: adakalipo monga chiyankhulo kapena mpingo. Pa izo zinalembedwa Vedas, malemba ambiri. Kwa zaka zikwi zitatu Sanskrit inali chinenero cha Hindustan Peninsula. Chilembo chake chili ndi makalata 49.
Zotsatira za phunziro lake: Sanskrit anakhala maziko a malemba achipembedzo a Chihindu, Buddhism ndi Jainism.
Zoperekera za phunziroli: okha ansembe ndi anthu okhala m'midzi ina akhoza kukambirana.
4. Wamakedzana wakale
Pamene izo zinkawonekera: 3400 BC.
Apezeka: 600 BC.
Chidziwitso Chachikulu: Chilankhulo cha Akufa chalembedwa m'chinenero ichi, komanso manda a olamulira a Aigupto amajambula.
Zotsatira za phunziro lake: chilankhulochi ndi cha anthu omwe amamvetsera malemba omwe ali ovuta kumvetsa
Zopindulitsa za phunziro lake: pa izo palibe amene amalankhula.
3. Kale la ku Scandinavia
Idawonekera: 700 CE.
Yafalikira: 1300 AD.
Zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira: Pazimenezi zimagwiritsa ntchito nthano za German-Scandinavia "Edda", nthano zambiri zakale za ku Iceland zinalembedwa. Ichi ndicho chinenero cha ma Vikings. Chinayankhulidwa ku Scandinavia, Islands la Faroe, Iceland, Greenland ndi madera ena a Russia, France, British Isles. Akunenedwa kuti ndi amene amatsogoleredwa ndi masiku ano a ku Iceland.
Zotsatira za phunziroli: mutatha kuphunzira Old Norse, mungadziyerekeze kuti ndinu Viking.
Zopindulitsa za phunziro lake: pafupifupi palibe amene angakumvetsereni.
2. Chilatini
Pamene izo zinawonekera: 800 BC, yomwe imatchedwanso Renaissance. 75 BC ndi zaka za m'ma 3 AD. imaonedwa kuti ndi "golidi" ndi "siliva" nyengo ya Chilatini chachi Greek. Ndiye nyengo ya zaka zapakati pa Latin inayamba.
Chidziwitso Chachikulu: mu chinenero choyambirira mukhoza kuwerenga Cicero, Julius Caesar, Cato, Catullus, Virgil, Ovid, Marcus Aurelius, Seneca, Augustine ndi Thomas Aquinas.
Zotsatira za phunziro lake: pakati pa zilankhulo zakufa iwo amawoneka otchuka kwambiri.
Zotsatira za phunziro lake: mwatsoka, mu malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kapena pa moyo weniweni pa izo simumayankhulana. Ngakhale m'madera a Chilatini komanso ku Vatican mungakhale ndi wina woti muyankhule naye.
1. Chigiriki chakale
Pamene izo zinkawonekera: 800 BC.
Kuchotsedwa: 300 AD.
Zambiri Zomwe mukudziwa : Kudziwa Chigiriki chakale, mukhoza kuwerenga mosavuta ntchito za Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Homer, Herodotus, Euripides, Aristophanes ndi ena ambiri.
Zotsatira za phunziroli: Musangobwereza mawu anu okha, kuwonjezera chidziwitso chanu, koma mudzatha kuwerenga zolemba zakale zokhudza kugonana kwa Perist Aristophanes.
Zopindulitsa za phunziro lake: pafupifupi palibe aliyense amene ali nazo.