Ilo linawonekera ku Greece wakale ndipo linatanthauzidwa ngati "chinyengo ndi chithandizo cha mawu". Popanda izo, n'zovuta kulingalira kulankhulana kophweka, mabuku, nzeru, chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ndi chithandizo chake, mungathe kunena pa chinthu chinachake ndi kufotokoza choonadi. Kodi chisokonezo ndi chiyani pa nkhaniyi?
Kodi chisokonezo ndi chiyani?
Ichi ndi chinyengo chobisika, chobisika. Iwo amene ali ndi chidwi ndi njira zonyansa zomwe ndizoyenera kuyankha kuti cholinga chake ndi kusiyanitsa tanthauzo lenileni la mawu ndi tanthauzo lake lenileni. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, munthu adzakhala wodabwitsa, akuyitana wamantha wolimba mtima kapena wopusa. Kunyansidwa kunathandiza kwambiri pa chikhalidwe chamasewera, zilembo zamasewera komanso zojambula zakale. Anthu ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito olemba awa kuti amvepo kanthu kena.
Irony - Psychology
Zoipa zoterezi zimapangitsa kuganiza kuti nkhani ya zokambirana si zomwe zimawonekera. Pemphani chimene chimakhala chonyansa, mungayankhe kuti ndi chizindikiro cha malingaliro osasamala, moyo wochuluka ndi chisomo, koma kwenikweni ndi njira yoteteza. Tanthauzo lake liribisika pansi pa chiganizo cholakwika cha tanthauzo la zomwe zanenedwa. Nthawi zonse amakana maganizo ake ndipo samakhala ndi mizu pambali iliyonse: mochititsa chidwi, pamutu umodzi umene umakhudza kapena "kutulutsa kunja," munthu amatha kugwira ntchito mosiyana.
Kutsimikizika mu filosofi
Monga malo ofunikira , chida cha sayansi cha nzeru za filosofi, kunyodola kumakhala kofunika kwambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi zoyambirira za m'ma 1900. Kuchokera pa zomwe zinachitikira Socrates, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lachinyengo pazosemphana ndi a sophists, ndi a Romanantic Schlegel ndi Müller achi German, owerengedwa a nthawi imeneyo ankawona motere:
- Zolger ankamuwona iye kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha luso.
- A.F. Losev anagwiritsa ntchito ngati chipangizo chofotokozera, chosiyana ndi lingaliro lofotokozedwa.
- K. Marx ndi F. Engels adalongosola lingaliro la zovuta za mbiriyakale, zomwe zinali chifukwa cha kuti anthu omwe adapanga chisokonezo adakhumudwitsidwa ndi izi ndipo adazindikira kuti sizinali zofanana ndi zomwe anali kuyesetsa.
Mitundu yonyansa
- Mzere wolunjika . Icho chimakhudza kuyankhulana ndi kupereka chodabwitsachi chinalongosola khalidwe loipa kapena loseketsa.
- Anti-nkhondo . Irony ndi mitundu yake ikuphatikizapo zotsutsana ndi nkhondo. Izi ndi tanthauzo losiyana la kunyozedwa mwachindunji. Ndiponsotu, kodi kuganiza ndi njira yanji yosonyezera chinthu chopanda phindu?
- Kudzikonda . Kunyansidwa, chinthu chake ndi munthu waumwini. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chilembo chake chikhoza kukhala ndi tanthauzo lenileni pamene katswiri akudziyesa ngati wogwira ntchito mopanda ntchito.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa chisokonezo ndi kunyoza?
Choyamba ndi chida chobisika cha comic. Kutanthauzira ngati njira yodzionetsera ndiko nthabwala, zomwe zimasiyanitsa tanthauzo lenileni la mawu ndi tanthauzo lenileni. Zimayambitsa kuseka ndipo palibe china. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa chisokonezo ndi kunyoza ndiko kuti wachiwiri sichichititsa kuti kumwetulira. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsutsa mwamphamvu ndi kuunika makhalidwe abwino a chinthucho. Sarcasm imafuna kuti anthu azidzudzulidwa ndi kutsutsidwa.
Nazi kusiyana kwake:
- Zomwe zimabisa zimabisala komanso zimaphimba zomwe zimayankhula. Chisakasa chimadzudzula ndi zilembo zochepa.
- Mawu odabwitsa nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino, mosiyana ndi chinyengo chophimba, chomwe tanthauzo lake lachepetsedwa. Saragasi imasonyeza mwachindunji nkhani yotsutsa mwatsatanetsatane.
- Kuwoneka ngati mtundu wa zokondweretsa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mitundu yachisangalalo ndi mawu ophiphiritsira.
- Sarcasm ndi chizindikiro cha kusokonezeka kwakukulu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi okamba m'nkhani zawo zotsutsa ndi olemba malemba ovomerezeka omwe ali ndi zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi ndale.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa kusagwirizana ndi kusagwirizana?
Yoyamba ndi mtundu wa zojambulajambula. Kuchokera kwa kuseketsa ndi chisokonezo, iye amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuwongolera kwa chidzudzulo. Mphamvu zake zimadalira kufunika kwake kwa malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi satirist ndi mphamvu ya njira zowonongeka - kunjenjemera, kugwedeza, kufotokozera, kupweteketsa, zilembo. Monga mtundu unachokera ku mabuku a Chiroma, ndiyeno nkujambula mitundu ina ya luso:
- cinema;
- siteji;
- TV;
- mabuku (makani);
- ISO (kanema, kanema);
- journalism (feuilleton) ndi ena.
Kusiyana pakati pa kusagwirizana ndi kusagwirizana ndikutanthauza kuti akulimbana ndi chinthu chowonetseratu. Amadziwika ndi ntchito, mphamvu zokhudzana ndi zolinga komanso zolinga . Mu kusokoneza, kuseka nthawi zonse kumaphatikizapo mkwiyo ndi kukwiya. Kawirikawiri amayamba kutsogolo, akunyalanyaza. Olemba omwe alemba mu mtundu wa satirical ndi awa:
- Saltykov-Shchedrin.
- Mwamsanga.
- Walter.
- Beaumarchais ndi ena.
Kodi mungaphunzire bwanji chisokonezo?
Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu mwaluso kungakhale kothandiza pamoyo. Ndiponsotu, kusagwirizana kuli kofunika kuti "kulumpha malipenga" mwachikhalidwe ndi kusatchula zolakwa za munthu mwachindunji, koma kusewera mwachidwi ndi mawu kuti asunge ndi ulemu wake. Ndikofunikira kulingalira zaka za omvera, amuna, malingaliro, miyambo ya chikhalidwe. Sewerani mokweza ndi mawu omwe mungaphunzire ngati:
- Zambiri zoti muwerenge, kukhala ndi chidwi chokondweretsa. Sankhani zamakono zapakhomo ndi zakunja, zomwe zingakuthandizeni kukhala ndi malingaliro ndi kuganiza.
- Funso lododometsa, momwe mungaphunzire kulankhulana ndi kusokoneza, mungakulimbikitseni kuti muphunzire pa chirichonse kuti muwone kusiyana. Ndikofunika kunena zosiyana ndi zomwe tanthauzo. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwambiri ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ophiphiritsira, kutanthauza, kukokomeza. Mawu oti "khalidwe" amatengedwa ndi "katundu wogula".
- Kumbukirani mawu osasunthika ndi kuwaphwanya m'mawu anu: "manja a golide", "mabala asanu ndi awiri pamphumi", ndi zina zotero.