Mfundo ya Kuzindikira

Mfundo ya determinism ndi nthawi yodziwika bwino, yomwe imasonyeza kuti maganizo a munthu ndi ofunika kwambiri ndi njira yake ya moyo, ndipo, motero, amatha kusintha mosiyana ndi momwe moyo umasinthira. Ngati zinyama zimapanga chitukuko cha psyche zimakhala mwa njira yosavuta kupyolera mwa chisankho chachilengedwe, ndiye malamulo ovuta kwambiri akugwirizanitsa ndi munthu - lamulo la chitukuko cha anthu, ndi zina zotero.

Chiphunzitso cha determinism

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu sayansi, kulingalira pa mutu uwu kunachokera ku chiphunzitso cha Marxism, kumene kufotokozera chuma cha zochitika zambiri za chikhalidwe kumaperekedwa, komanso malamulo ena enieni a chitukuko cha anthu. Ichi chinali chida chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito monga maziko a lingaliro lopitirira la sayansi motsutsana ndi zina zapadera za maganizo ndi umunthu waumunthu.

Choyamba, mfundo ya determinism imagwirizana ndi mutu wa chirengedwe ndi chiyambi cha zochitika zamaganizo. Kukhazikitsa mwachindunji panthawi yophunzirira zamaganizo-zakuthupi za dziko lapansi, njira yothetsera nzeru m'maganizo ndiyofunika kwambiri. Panthawi ya nkhondo yowawa ya filosofi yomwe inachitika m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, lingaliro la determinism linalinso patsogolo. Anafulumira kutchuka ndikuchotsa mfundo zambiri zam'mbuyomu, mwachitsanzo, njira yodziwiratu komanso njira yoyenera.

Lingaliro la determinism linali lothandiza kwambiri: ngati kale psyche idaonedwa kuti ndi mtundu wosiyana kwambiri umene sungasinthidwe kuchokera kunja ndipo sumawonetsa kuti umakhala weniweni m'moyo waumunthu, tsopano psyche yadziwika ngati pulasitiki, yosinthika, yosintha ndi yotseguka pofuna kufufuza. M'malo mwa kudzigonjera kudziyang'anira kunabwera njira yowunikira, imene inadzutsa nthawi zambiri kufufuza kwa maganizo. Izi ndi zomwe zinapangitsa kuti aphunzire zomwe zingathe kupondereza munthu, moyenerera komanso moyenerera amaimira mitundu yonse yotseguka ya zosokoneza, kudziwa momwe zimakhalira ndi khalidwe, ndikupanga zofanana za zotsatira zomwe zapezeka.

Wasayansi LS Vygotsky anabweretsa ku sayansi chikhalidwe chofunikira kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mbiri yakale. Ndi chithandizochi chomwe chimaganizira zachinsinsi cha ntchito zamaganizo. Chofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi lingaliro lakuti njira zachirengedwe zamaganizo zimasinthira panthawi yomwe munthu akukula mwakuthupi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri chifukwa chakuti munthu amakolola zinthu za chikhalidwe cha anthu pamene akugwirizana ndi ena.

Chiphunzitso cha determinism chinapitiriza kukula mkati mwa lingaliro la asayansi kuti sikuti munthu yekhayo ali ndi mbali zina za psyche ndi zosiyana ndi dziko lakunja, koma munthu amene akutha kuchita zomwe sangathe kuzindikira chowonadi komanso kusintha. Motero, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimatanthawuza kuti munthu ali ndi mphamvu zodziwa zomwe amachita, chikhalidwe mwachindunji kwambiri cha mawuwo, komanso kugwirizana ndi dziko lapansi pakuchita ntchito zake.

Kuzindikira kwa mfundo ya determinism

Chimodzi mwa zosankha, kulola kuganizira mfundo ya determinism, osati chiphunzitso, koma pakuchita, ndiko kuthetsa vuto la momwe psyche ikukhudzira ndi ntchito ya ubongo. Ankaganiza kuti psyche ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zambiri za ubongo, ndipo maphunziro osiyanasiyana apangidwa pofuna kuzindikira njira za ubongo, zomwe zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta zamaganizo. Choncho, pa nthawi inayake, determinism adatsimikiza malamulo thupi mogwirizana ndi psyche.