Lingaliro la Darwin - umboni ndi kutsutsa kwa chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha munthu

Mu 1859 ntchito ya Charles Darwin wolemba zachilengedwe wa ku England inafalitsidwa - The Origin of Species. Kuchokera apo, chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chakhala chofunikira pakufotokozera malamulo a chitukuko cha dziko lapansi. Amaphunzitsidwa m'masukulu mu makalasi a biology, ndipo ngakhale mipingo ina yamuzindikira kuti ndi yofunika.

Kodi lingaliro la Darwin ndi chiyani?

Lingaliro la Darwin la chisinthiko ndi lingaliro lakuti zamoyo zonse zimachokera kwa kholo limodzi. Imagogomezera chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha moyo ndi kusintha. Zinthu zovuta zimachokera ku zinthu zophweka, izi zimatenga nthawi. Mu chibadwa cha ziwalo za kusintha kwa thupi, zothandiza zimakhalabe, zothandiza kupulumuka. Pakapita nthawi, amadziunjikira, ndipo zotsatira zake ndizosiyana, osati kungokhala kosiyana, koma kukhala watsopano.

Mfundo zazikulu za lingaliro la Darwin

Lingaliro la Darwin la chiyambi cha munthu likuphatikizidwa mu chisinthiko chonse cha chitukuko cha moyo. Darwin ankakhulupirira kuti Homo Sapiens anachokera ku moyo wapansi ndipo ali ndi kholo limodzi ndi nyani. Malamulo omwewo adayambitsa maonekedwe ake, chifukwa zina zamoyo zinawonekera. Lingaliro la chisinthiko likuchokera pa mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. Kuchulukanso . Anthu amtundu amakhalabe olimba, chifukwa gawo laling'ono la ana limapulumuka ndikuchuluka.
2. Kulimbana ndi moyo . Ana a m'badwo uliwonse ayenera kukonzekera kuti apulumuke.
3. Kusintha . Kusinthasintha ndi khalidwe lobadwa nalo lomwe limapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wokhala ndi kubereka m'madera ena.
4. Kusankha zachilengedwe . Chilengedwe "chimasankha" zamoyo ndi makhalidwe abwino. Anawo amapeza bwino kwambiri, ndipo mitundu imakhala yabwino kwa malo enaake.
5. Mtundu . Kwa zaka zambiri, kusintha kwabwino kwamasinthasintha kwawonjezeka, ndipo zoipazo zatha. Pakapita nthawi, kusintha kwakukulu kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri moti zotsatira zake ndizowoneka.

Lingaliro la Darwin ndilo zoona kapena zabodza?

Chiphunzitso cha Darwin chokhazikika - nkhani ya mikangano yambiri kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kumbali imodzi, asayansi angakhoze kudziwa zomwe nyundo zakale zinali, koma pambali inayo - ziribe umboni wosakanikirana. Achilengedwe (omvera a chiyambi cha dziko lapansi) akuzindikira izi ngati umboni wakuti panalibe chisinthiko. Amanyoza lingaliro lakuti kuli nsomba yamtunda.

Umboni wa lingaliro la Darwin

Chifukwa cha akatswiri a Darwin, mu 1994 akatswiri a mbiri yakale anapeza kuti zinthu zakale zokhala pansi zakale za ambulocetus, nsomba yopita. Zida zogwirira ntchito zinamuthandiza kusunthira pansi, ndipo kumbuyo kwake ndi mchira - kumasambira mofulumira. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zotsalira zowonjezereka za mitundu yosawerengeka, zomwe zimatchedwa "zida zosowa", zapezeka. Motero, lingaliro la Charles Darwin la chiyambi cha munthu linalimbikitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mabwinja a Pithecanthropus, mtundu wa pakati pakati pa nyani ndi munthu. Kupatulapo paleontological pali zizindikiro zina za chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko:

1. Makhalidwe abwino - malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Darwinian, zamoyo zonse zatsopano sizinalengedwa mwachilengedwe, chirichonse chimachokera kwa kholo limodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe ofanana a mapazi ndi mapiko a mapiko sanagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera, mwina analandira kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi. Mmodzi angaphatikizepo miyendo isanu yokhala ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi, tizilombo tating'ono, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ziwalo, ziwalo zomwe zatayika phindu la chisinthiko).
2. Matenda a m'mimba - mafinya onse ali ofanana kwambiri mu mazira. Mwana wamwamuna, yemwe wakhala ali m'mimba kwa mwezi umodzi, wanyamula matumba. Izi zikusonyeza kuti makolowo anali madzi okhalamo.
3. Zapangidwe ka maselo ndi zamagetsi - umodzi wa moyo pa mlingo wa biochemistry. Ngati zamoyo zonse sizinachokere kwa kholo lomwelo, zikanakhala ndi ma genetic, koma DNA ya zolengedwa zonse ili ndi nucleotide 4, ndipo zoposa 100 m'chilengedwe.

Kutsutsa mfundo ya Darwin

Lingaliro la Darwin silingatheke - mfundo iyi ndi yokwanira kuti otsutsa ayambe kukayikira zenizeni zake zonse. Palibe amene anawonapo chisinthiko chambiri - Sindinawone mtundu umodzi kukhala wosandulika. Ndipo ziri choncho, pamene nyani imodzi idzasandulika kukhala munthu? Funso limeneli likufunsidwa ndi onse omwe amakayikira mfundo za Darwin.

Mfundo zotsutsana ndi mfundo ya Darwin:

1. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti dziko lapansi liri pafupi zaka 20-30,000. Izi zatchulidwa posachedwapa ndi akatswiri ambiri a geologist akuphunzira kuchuluka kwa fumbi lapadziko lapansi, nyengo ya mitsinje ndi mapiri. Chisinthiko cha Darwin chinatenga mabiliyoni ambiri.
2. Munthu ali ndi ma chromosomes 46, ndipo nyani ali ndi 48. Izi sizimagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti munthu ndi monkey anali ndi kholo lofanana. Popeza "anatayika" ma chromosomes panjira kuchokera kwa nyani, zamoyozo sizingasinthe kukhala wololera. Pa zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazi, palibe nsomba imodzi yomwe sinayambe, ndipo palibe mbozi imodzi yomwe yakhala munthu.
3. Kukongola kwachilengedwe, kumene, mwachitsanzo, odana ndi Darwin amati mchira wa peacock, sagwirizana ndi ntchito. Pakhoza kukhala chisinthiko - dziko likanakhala lokhala ndi zinyama.

Chiphunzitso cha Darwin ndi sayansi zamakono

Nthano ya Darwin ya chisinthiko inayamba pamene asayansi sanadziwebe za majini. Darwin anawona njira ya chisinthiko, koma sankadziwa za mawonekedwe. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, chibadwa chinayamba kukula - amatsegula ma chromosome ndi majini, kenako amasankha molekyu wa DNA. Kwa asayansi ena, lingaliro la Darwin silinayesedwe - mawonekedwe a zamoyo zakhala zovuta kwambiri, ndipo chiwerengero cha chromosomes mwa anthu ndi anyani ndi chosiyana.

Koma otsutsa chiphunzitso cha Darwin amanena kuti Darwin sananene konse kuti mwamuna anabwera kuchokera ku nyani - ali ndi kholo lofanana. Kupeza kwa majeremusi kwa Darwin kunapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chikhale chongopeka (kuphatikizapo chibadwa cha chiphunzitso cha Darwin). Kusintha kwa thupi ndi khalidwe komwe kumapangitsa kusankha kwachilengedwe kumatheka kuchitika pa mlingo wa DNA ndi majini. Kusintha koteroko kumatchedwa kusintha. Zosinthika ndizo zipangizo zomwe zamoyo zimasintha.

Chiphunzitso cha Darwin - zochititsa chidwi

Chiphunzitso cha kusintha kwa Charles Darwin ndi ntchito ya munthu yemwe, atasiya ntchito yake ya dokotala chifukwa cha mantha a magazi , anapita kukaphunzira zamulungu. Mfundo zina zochititsa chidwi:

1. Mawu akuti "amphamvu kwambiri omwe apulumuka" ndi a Darwin-Herbert Spencer omwe amaganiza mofanana.
2. Charles Darwin sanangophunzira zinyama zokhazokha zinyama, koma amadya nawo.
3. Mpingo wa Anglican unapepesa kwa mlembi wa chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, ngakhale zaka 126 pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Chiphunzitso cha Darwin ndi Chikhristu

Poyamba, mfundo ya Darwin yotsutsana ndi chilengedwe chonse cha Mulungu. Panthawi ina, malo achipembedzo ankadana ndi maganizo atsopano. Darwin mwiniwake pa ntchitoyo anasiya kukhala wokhulupirira. Koma tsopano oimira ambiri a Chikhristu afika kumapeto kuti pangakhale chiyanjanitso chenicheni - pali iwo omwe ali ndi zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ndipo samakana chisinthiko. Mipingo ya Chikatolika ndi ya Anglican inatsatira chiphunzitso cha Darwin, kufotokozera kuti Mulungu monga Mlengi anapatsa chidwi ku chiyambi cha moyo, ndipo chinayamba mwachibadwa. Mapiko a Orthodox adakalibe abwino kwa a Darwin.