Pali matenda omwe amachititsa anthu ambirimbiri kale, ndipo mwatsoka, sadataya mphamvu zawo. Mmodzi wa iwo akhoza kutchedwa kolera, yomwe inafotokozedwa ndi Hippocrates. M'masiku amenewo, podziwika pang'ono za kolera, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 anthu anayamba kuchita kafukufuku wa zachipatala, zomwe zinachititsa kolera.
Matenda a kolera amayamba chifukwa cha bakiteriya Vibrio cholerae. Amatchula matenda opweteka a m'mimba, omwe amafalitsidwa ndi njira yamagulu, ndipo amakhudza utumbo wawung'ono.
Kufikira zaka za m'ma 1900 izo zidakali imodzi mwa matenda owopsa omwe amachititsa mliriwu ndi kutenga miyoyo ya zikwi. Masiku ano, sizimayambitsa zoperewera zambiri, chifukwa anthu aphunzira kukana ndi kuteteza kolera, komabe m'mayiko osawuka makamaka m'masoka achilengedwe, kolera imakhala ikudzimva.
Kolera imatulutsidwa bwanji?
Masiku ano zimakhala zovuta kuyang'ana chithunzi chenicheni cha kolera chotukuka, chifukwa maiko akutukuka sakufuna kulengeza izi chifukwa cha mantha a kuchepa kwa alendo.
Cholera imakhala yofalikira chifukwa cha momwe imafalikira. Zonsezi zikhoza kufotokozedwa ngati zongolankhula. Gwero la matenda nthawi zonse ndi munthu yemwe amadwala kapena wathanzi, koma ndi wonyamulira wa bacterium-pathogen.
Mwa njira, Vibrio cholerae ili ndi maselo oposa 150. Cholera imafalikira mothandizidwa ndi zinyama ndi masanzi opangidwa ndi wonyamulira (munthu wodwala) kapena wogwiritsira ntchito (munthu wathanzi amene ali ndi mabakiteriya a kolera m'thupi).
Choncho, matenda ofala kwambiri amapezeka pansi pazifukwa izi:
- kumwa madzi osadetsedwa;
- kulowa m'kamwa mwa madzi pamene akusambira mu matupi aipiritsi;
- kusamba mbale mu madzi akuda;
- kudya chakudya chokhala ndi mabakiteriya a kolera (makamaka omwe sadzibwereka ku kuphika kotentha - nsomba za ku Japan, mwachitsanzo);
- njira zazikulu zosamutsira kolera - kudzera mmanja (njira zapakhomo za matenda);
- ntchentche zingathe kunyamula kolera.
Zizindikiro za kolera
Nthawi yokwanira yokhala ndi kolera ndifika masiku asanu. Kawirikawiri sichidutsa maola 48.
Mchitidwe wa matendawo ukhoza kuwonetseredwa ndi zizindikiro zowonongeka, koma n'zotheka ndi mawonetseredwe ake onse, ngakhale ku zovuta, zomwe zimathera pamapeto.
Kwa anthu ambiri, kolera ikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi kutsekula m'mimba, ndipo odwala 20 peresenti, malinga ndi WHO, ali ndi kolera yomwe ili ndi zizindikiro.
Pali madigiri atatu olemera:
- Poyamba, wofatsa, wodwalayo amayamba kutsegula m'mimba ndi kusanza. Iwo akhoza kubwerezedwa, koma nthawi zambiri amachitikira kamodzi kokha. Choopsa chachikulu chimachokera ku kutaya thupi kwa thupi, ndipo kutaya kwa madzi pang'ono sikupitirira 3% ya kulemera kwa thupi. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kutaya madzi kwa digirii. Ndi zizindikiro zoterezi, odwala nthawi zambiri samawafunsa dokotala, ndipo amapezeka ku foci. Matendawa amatha masiku angapo.
- Pawiri, digiri ya pakati, matendawa amayamba mofulumira ndipo amatsagana ndi kawirikawiri chitseko, chomwe chimatha kufika kawiri pa tsiku. Ululu m'mimba siilipo, koma pamapeto pake chizindikiro ichi chimagwirizananso ndi kusanza popanda mseru. Chifukwa chaichi, kutayika kwa madzi akuwonjezeka, ndipo ndi pafupifupi 6% ya kulemera kwa thupi, komwe kumagwirizana ndi 2 digesti ya kutaya madzi m'thupi. Wodwala akuzunzidwa ndi ziphuphu, pakamwa pouma ndi mawu owala. Matendawa amaphatikizidwa ndi tachycardia .
- Pakati pachitatu, digiri yochulukirapo, sitolo imakhala yochuluka kwambiri, kusanza kumabweranso nthawi zambiri. Kutaya kwa madzi ndi pafupifupi 9% ya kulemera kwa thupi, ndipo izi zimagwirizana ndi madigiri 3 a kuchepa kwa madzi. Pano, kuwonjezera pa zizindikiro zomwe zimatchulidwa kwambiri pa 1 st ndi 2 digiri, kuyamwa kwa diso, kuthamanga kwa magazi , makwinya pa khungu, asphyxia ndi kutaya kwa kutentha kumatha kuchitika.
Kuzindikira kolera
Matendawa amatsimikiziridwa pa maziko a maphunziro a zachipatala za chitseko ndi masanzi, ngati zizindikiro sizinatchulidwe. Kowopsa kwambiri, kolera sikovuta kuchipeza komanso popanda kusanthula mabakiteriya.
Kupewa kolera
Njira zazikulu zodzitetezera ndi kusunga ukhondo, komanso kusamalira chakudya. Sikoyenera kudya chakudya chosasamalidwa (osati kuphika, kuphika, etc.), komanso kumwa zakumwa zomwe sizinapitirize kulamulira (monga lamulo, ndi mabitolo ogwiritsira ntchito omwe akutsutsana ndi madzi ndi madzi).
Muzochitika za mliri, kusungika kwaokha kumayambitsidwa, kumene magwero a matenda ali okhaokha, ndipo malo okhala amakhala otetezedwa.