Zakudya zamtengo wapatali komanso chakudya chokwanira monga mbatata yamakula m'madera ndi nyengo zozizira komanso zam'mlengalenga, komabe zingathenso kukula m'madera otentha. Zomera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika mbale zosiyanasiyana zophika, zophikidwa, zokazinga, zouma, zomwe shuga, ufa, mowa ndi molasses zimakonzedwa.
Mbatata kalasi mbatata
Anthu ambiri amvapo za mbatata, koma makamaka, mtundu wanji wa zomera, ambiri samadziwa. Mbatata zamasamba ndi ndiwo zamasamba zokhala ndi chilakolako chofanana ndi dzungu, nthochi, chinanazi, kaloti malinga ndi zosiyanasiyana. Mbatata imakhala ndi wowuma, ndi gwero labwino kwambiri la calcium ndi carotene. Chilakolako chodziwika chimapatsidwa kwa shuga, omwe ali mu zamkati zambiri. Zimayesedwa kuti ndi zotetezeka kwambiri, zimatsuka magazi ku cholesterol, zimalimbikitsa khungu kukonzanso, kumachepetsa kupweteka kwa minofu mukamadya masamba asanayambe kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Zitsulo zimapangitsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino.
Bathat - mitundu
Mudziko pali mitundu yosiyana ya mbatata. Kunja amasiyana:
- Mtundu wa tubers (kuzungulira, kuzungulira, fusiform);
- mthunzi wa peel (kuchokera woyera mpaka mkuwa-lalanje);
- thupi la mtundu (woyera, wachikasu, karoti, wofiirira, wofiira).
Mitundu yambiri imagawidwa mchere, ndiwo zamasamba ndi chakudya, zomwe zimadziwika ndi shuga, carotene ndi kukoma. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya mbatata ndi mbatata kuti idye:
- Kugonjetsa 100. Chakudya choyambirira choyambirira chimakhala ndi nyama ya lalanje. Pamene tubers atagona pansi, amamva ngati mtedza ndi nthochi.
- Beauregard. Kulimbana ndi matenda, zokolola zochuluka, sizitsuka. Nyerere ili ndi uchi-wokhala ndi zamkati zamchere lalanje, wolemera mu carotene.
- George Red. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imasinthidwa ndi chigawo chapakati cha dzikoli. Tubers ali ndi khungu la mkuwa ndi thupi lopepuka mu mawonekedwe opangidwa kuchokera ku mbatata kuti azilawa sizili zosiyana, ataphika amakhala okoma.
Kodi mbatata imakula bwanji?
Nkhumba zabwino ndizomwe zimayambira nthawi yayitali, yomwe imayambira 1-5 mamita kutalika, imafalikira pamtunda ndikuzika mizu m'mizere. Kutalika kwa chitsamba ndi 15-18 masentimita, masamba pa chomera ndi petiolate, lochate-lobed kapena cordate. Mitengo yowonjezera ya mbatata imakula kwambiri, imakhala ndi mazira omwe sakhala ndi olembe ndi nyama yodyedwa, mtundu umene umadalira zosiyanasiyana. Zipatso za mbatata zili ndi makilogalamu 200 mpaka 3 makilogalamu, masamba osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha zosiyana siyana za shuga zimakhala ndi zosiyana - zokoma kwambiri kapena ayi.
Kodi mbatata imatani?
Miphika ya masamba a mbatata, maluwa okongola ngati mapulogalamu amapangidwa ndi pinki, yoyera kapena yofiira ya lilac, yofanana ndi yotchedwa convolvulus. Iwo amapanga maburashi a 3-7 masamba. Ma pedicels ali ndi kutalika komweko monga petioles wa masamba. Batat ndi mbewu ya masamba ndi pollination, yomwe imachitidwa makamaka ndi njuchi. Ambiri mwa alimiwa amalephera kuthetsa chiwerewere, ambiri samamera pachimake, koma masamba ena amasangalala komanso amajambula mabokosi, amdima kapena a bulauni ndi mamita 3.5 - 4.5 mm.
Momwe mungabzalitsire mbatata?
Mukhoza kukula mbatata ya mbatata ndi mbeu kapena kupyolera mu mbande, zomwe zimapezeka pambuyo kumera kwa tubers. Njira yoyamba imafuna nthawi yambiri ndi khama. Musanadzalemo mbatata ndi mbewu, nkofunika kupeza mbewu yabwino. Kukula kupyolera mu mbande ndi kofala, n'zotheka kukhazikitsa kuchulukitsa kwa mbewu ngakhale kwa oyamba-wamaluwa. Kubzala tubers pansi nthawi yomweyo, monga mbatata, sikuvomerezeka - chikhalidwe chachakudya kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo alibe nthawi yopanga zipatso isanayambe chisanu.
Kubzala tuberatato
Choyamba, muyenera kugula tubers, m'malo ochepa omwe amafunikira kokha. Kuyala zakuthupi kumatetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pogwiritsa ntchito mchere wochepa. Zakudya za mbatata zamamera zimayikidwa m'nyengo yozizira mu Januwale - February, chifukwa chaichi, bokosi la masentimita 15-20 m'litali ndi loyenera. Kubzala mbatata ndi tubers:
- gawo lapansi limakonzedwa kuchokera kumalo omwewo a nthaka yonyansa, humus ndi mchenga. Kusakaniza kuyenera kuphikidwa kwa kanthawi mu uvuni;
- Gawo lachitatu la bokosi liri ndi nthaka, mchenga ukhale pamwamba ndi wosanjikiza wa masentimita atatu;
- Mitundu ya tizilombo ta tizilombo ta tizilombo ta tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayika padothi, timatsitsa pang'ono ndikutsanulira mchenga kukhala wosanjikiza 3-4 masentimita.
- kutentha kwa kumera kumafunika mkatikati mwa 18-27 ° C, gawo lapansi liri madzi okwanira nthawi zonse;
- Zidutswa zimaoneka pambuyo pa masiku 30, pamene zimafika kutalika kwa masentimita 10 a mphukira zimagawanika ndikuyikidwa m'madzi, kuti mizu ioneke, kenako imayikidwa mu makapu;
- Kutuluka kuchokera ku tubers kungachotsedwe kasanu ndi kawiri, masiku khumi ndi awiri;
- Mbewu zachonde zimabzalidwa m'chaka, nthaka ikaphulika mpaka 15 ° C, ndipo kutentha kwa mpweya kumafikira + 25 ° C;
- pa malo okonza mabowo mozama 15 sm ndi madzi;
- Chiwembu chodzala: mtunda pakati pa zomera 40 cm, pakati pa mizere - 70 cm;
- Mbewu zimakula ndi 2 internodes, zotetezedwa ndi mabotolo apulasitiki kapena mitsuko ya magalasi, zomwe zingakuthandizeni kukhala bwino. Pambuyo pa mawonekedwe atsopano, malo ogona amachotsedwa.
Bzalani mbatata m'nthaka ndi mbeu
Kulima mbatata ndi mbewu kumayamba zaka khumi zachiwiri za February. Kuti muchite izi, konzani chisakanizo cha lotayirira padziko lapansi, humus ndi mchenga wonyezimira. Mbewu imatetezedwa ndi matenda a potaziyamu permanganate ndi zouma. Malamulo oyendetsa:
- Mbewu imadzazidwa ndi gawo la michere, mbeu imakhala mkati mwawo kwa kuya kwa 1.5-2 masentimita;
- Zomera zimaphimbidwa ndi filimu, kuziyika pamalo otentha, nthawi zonse madzi;
- Zipatso za mbatata zamasamba zimatengedwa kuti zatha kubzala poyera pamene zifika kutalika kwa masentimita 15-20;
- Pakangotha masabata angapo musanayambe kufesa mbewu, amachotsedwa kunja kwa maola angapo tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kodi mbatata imakula kuti?
Pokonzekera kulima mbatata, payenera kuperekedwa mwapadera malo omwe adzakula. Zakudya zokoma za mbatata - zinthu zomwe zikukula bwino:
- malo ochitira masewero ayenera kutetezedwa ku mphepo yamphamvu ndi kuunikiridwa bwino, chomera sichimakonda ngakhale pang'ono kumeta;
- nthaka yabwino kwambiri ndi mchenga, mchenga, mchenga, kutsika, ndi asidi otsika komanso madzi akuya kuposa mamita 2;
- M'dzinja, feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba - 3 makilogalamu a manyowa, 15 g wa potassium sulphate ndi 20 g ya super- phosphate pa 1 m 2 . Dothi losakanikirana liyenera kuwonjezeranso mandimu. Mu kasupe, nthaka imasulidwa ndipo 80 g ya nayitrogeni nitrate amawonjezedwa;
- Mbatata zokoma za mbatata zimakula bwino pamatentha pamwamba pa 20 ° C, ndipo zikafika 10 ° C, zomera zimasiya kukula, ndipo pa 0 ° C - amafa.
Momwe mungamere mbatata?
Chomera ndi chofunikira kuti musamangidwe mu internodes, chifukwa izi zimachepetsa zokolola zake. Choncho, zimayambira mbatata zimayenera kuwonetsedwa nthawi ndi nthawi polima ndikuletsa mapangidwe a rootlets. Pamene kulikulitsa ndikofunikira kuthetsa udzu mwanjira yeniyeni, mwinamwake iwo amakolola kubzala ndi kuchepetsa nthaka, ndipo zomera zimakhala zofooka.
Kukolola kuli pakati pa September. Mbatata imatengedwa kucha pamene masamba ake ndi zimayambira zimakhala zachikasu ndi kuyamba kutha. Zipatso zimafukula mwaukhondo m'nyengo youma, zogonekedwa pa kama kuti ziwume. Angathe kudyedwa nthawi yomweyo. Mitundu ya tubers, yomwe imafunidwa kuti ipulumutsidwe, imasungidwa kwa sabata pa 28-30 ° C, kenako imayikidwa mabokosi, imatha kusungidwa ku 10 ° C kwa miyezi ingapo.
Batat - chisamaliro
Mbatata ya mbatata ndi chikhalidwe chosagonjetsa chilala, osakonda madzi. Kumwa madzi ayenera kukhala kochuluka poyamba, pamene zidutswazo zimayamba mizu. Poyambirira, amamanga mizu yambiri, kenako namsongole amakula ndikumira kumbali yonse. Mu theka lachiwiri la zomera, kuthirira kuchepetsedwa kamodzi mu masiku khumi. Mvula ikapitirira nthawi zonse, simungathe kuchepetsa. Masabata atatu asanakolole, kuthirira kwaimitsidwa.
Kuyambira pakati pa August, nthawi yokolola ndi mapangidwe a tubers okoma mbatata amafunikira feteleza zina. Pochita izi, gwiritsani ntchito kamodzi pamlungu feteleza potaziyamu, yomwe ili yoyenera phulusa la nkhuni. 1-2 magalasi a ufa ayenera kusungunuka mu malita 10 a madzi, kuumirira milungu iwiri, kusonkhezera nthawi zina. Kupanga lita imodzi yokha ya chitsamba chilichonse.
Kubalana kwa mbatata
Mbatata mbatata mbatata amabereka mphukira pa tubers ndi cuttings. Zipatso zosankhidwa kuti zizale zimasungidwa kutentha kwa + 10 ° C m'malo amdima. Amabweretsa kuwala ndi mozama ndi theka la gawo lapansi, amapereka ziphuphu zomwe zimakhala zosavuta. Kuyika m'chombo chamadzimadzi pambuyo pa masiku 3-7 kuyamba mizu ndi mphukira zabzala m'miphika. Kenako amayamba kumasula masamba.
Komanso, zimakhala zosavuta kupereka mizu ndi kusankhwima zobiriwira zomwe zimakula pansi pa kugwa kwa mbatata. Zobzala mu mphika, zimakhala ndi chomera chokongoletsera ndikukongoletsera chipinda m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo pamapeto pake zidzakhala gwero la kubzala. Mu nthaka amamera cuttings wa 15-20 masentimita cuttings, amatha kupanga mosavuta.
Tizilombo ta mbatata
Chomeracho chimaonedwa kuti chimagonjetsedwa ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, koma nthawi zina zimatha kuchepetsa zokolola. Mavuto omwe angakhale nawo pamene mukukula mbatata zokoma:
- Mphepete kapena mphutsi za Mayemakazi. Mafinya amabisala pansi ndikudya tubers. Kuwononga tizirombo tithandizidwe kuthirira mabedi ndi mankhwala Aktara, Aktofit, pa mizere yomwe mukufuna kuti muyike misampha kwa akuluakulu mu May.
- Slugs. Chotsutsa makamaka mbatata masamba mumvula yamvula. Pa tsamba ndikofunika kuyika mbale ndi mowa ndipo pakapita kanthawi kuti mutenge tizirombo.
- Kangaude mite. Zimakhudza masamba ndi zimayambira, kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumathandizira kutulutsa chitsamba Fitoverm kapena manyowa a anyezi, a chamomile a mchere.
- Msolo wakuda. Matenda a fungal, angakhudze mbande, iyo imasinthasintha tsinde. Pofuna kupewa matendawa, bzalani mbatata zimangotayidwa, gawoli liyenera kukonzedweratu ndi Phytosporin-M, kuti likhale losavuta, dzira lazira likhoza kuwonjezeredwa pansi.