Psychological psychology ndi gawo losiyana la sayansi, zomwe kafukufuku zomwe zakhala zikukopa kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, kuwonjezeka kwake kunali kosayembekezereka. Anaphunzira zoona, mwinanso ngakhale zolinga zobisika za khalidwe la anthu, chikhalidwe chawo, anawaphunzitsa kuti amvetse zolinga zawo.
Tilembetsa mndandanda wa mayesero otchuka kwambiri m'maganizo, omwe angasonyeze kuti munthu samadziwa zonse zokhudza iyemwini. Malire atsopano akutseguka, ambiri amadziwa kuti kuwonetsetsa kooneka ndi kudzidzinyenga, komatu munthu sangathe kudzilamulira yekha komanso ali wotsimikiza. Yang'anirani mndandanda, mwinamwake mudzapeza chinachake chatsopano.
1. "kuyesera" kosayesa.
Jane Elliot, mphunzitsi wa ku Iowa, anakweza nkhani ya tsankho m'kalasi yake atatha Marteni Luther King. Pankhaniyi, ophunzira a m'kalasi yake mmoyo wamba sadayankhulane ndi anthu ochepa omwe amakhala kumalo awo. Chofunika cha kuyesera ndikuti kalasiyo inagawidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa maso - buluu ndi bulauni. Tsiku lina iye ankakonda ophunzira a maso a buluu, maso awiri achizungu. Kuyeseraku kunasonyeza kuti gulu "loponderezedwa" likukhala mopanda malire. Palibe chiyeso, palibe chikhumbo chodziwonetsera wekha. Gulu la okondedwa lirilonse likudziwonetsera, ngakhale dzulo silingagonjetse mayesero operekedwa ndi ntchito.
2. piyano ya utawaleza.
Poyambitsa Volkswagen, kuyesera kunachitika powonetsa kuti ngati mupanga zinthu zamakono tsiku ndi tsiku, moyo sudzakhala wosangalatsa kwambiri. Phunziro linachitidwa ku Stockholm, Sweden. Mapazi a masitepe a metro anasandulika piyano ya nyimbo. Cholinga cha kuyesa ndikupeza ngati makanema oimba amenewa adzakakamiza kusiya escalator. Zotsatirazo zasonyeza kuti 66% mwa anthu amasankha makwerero a nyimbo tsiku ndi tsiku, kutembenukira mu mphindi zingapo kukhala ana. Zinthu zoterezi zimapangitsa moyo kukhala wosangalatsa, wokhutira kwambiri, komanso anthu ali ndi thanzi labwino.
3. "Wokhala pansi pa subway."
Mu 2007, pa January 12, anthu okwera ndi sitima za pamsewu anali ndi mwayi womvera violin virtuoso Joshua Bell. Anasewera mphindi makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu (45 minutes) mu kusintha kwa masewera ovuta kwambiri, akuchichita ndi chiwombankhanga. Mwa anthu omwe adadutsa, anthu 6 okha anamumvetsera, 20 adawapatsa ndalama, enawo anayenda, makolowo anachotsa ana awo atasiya kumvetsera nyimbo. Palibe yemwe anali ndi chidwi ndi udindo wa violinist. Chida chake ndi ntchito yake. Pamene Joshua Bella anamaliza kusewera, panalibe kuomba. Kuyesera kunasonyeza kuti kukongola sikuwonekera pamalo osasangalatsa komanso pa nthawi yolakwika. Pa nthawi yomweyi pamakonzedwe a violinist mu matikiti a symphony hall adagulitsidwa pasadakhale, mtengo wawo unali $ 100.
4. kuyesera kusuta.
Kuyesera kunali kuti anthu anafunsidwa mu chipinda chomwe pang'onopang'ono chinadza ndi utsi wochokera pansi pa chitseko. Pa mphindi ziwiri, anthu 75% amanena kuti utsi umalowa m'chipindamo. Pamene ochita masewerawa adawonjezeredwa ku chipinda chomwe adagwiritsanso ntchito pa mafunsowa, koma ankadziyerekezera kuti palibe utsi, anthu 9 pa 10 aliwonse adasintha malo awo, akuvutika ndi zovuta. Cholinga cha kafukufuku ndikusonyeza kuti ambiri amasintha kwa ambiri, kukhala ndi maganizo olakwika ndi olakwika. Ndikofunika kuti ndikhale amene amachita khama.
5. Zomwe zimachitika ku Karlsberg pa brewery.
Chiyero cha kuyesera: aŵiriwo adalowa mu holo yodzaza ndi cinema, kumene kunali mipando 2 yopanda kanthu pakati. Alendo ena onse anali achisoni. Ena adachoka, koma ngati banjali litatenga malo abwino, ilo linalandira kuvomereza kovomerezeka ndi mugu wa mowa monga bonasi. Cholinga cha kuyesera ndicho kusonyeza kuti anthu sangathe kuweruzidwa ndi mawonekedwe.
6. Kuyesera kwa phanga wakuba.
Chofunika cha kuyesera ndikuwonetsa momwe, chifukwa cha mpikisano pakati pa magulu, mgwirizano pakati pa ophunzirawo ukucheperachepera. Anyamata 11 ndi zaka 12 adagawidwa m'magulu awiri ndipo amakhala mumsasa m'nkhalango, osadziŵa kuti kuli mpikisano. Patatha sabata iwo adadziwitsidwa, ndipo zoipazo zinakula chifukwa cha mpikisanowo. Patangotha sabata umodzi adagonjetsa vuto lodziwika bwino - adatunga madzi, omwe adadulidwa ndi zovuta. Chifukwa chofala chomwe chimagwirizanitsa, chinasonyeza kuti ntchito yoteroyo imachotsa cholakwikacho, imalimbikitsa ubale wabwino.
7. Yesetsani ndi maswiti.
Ana omwe ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 4 mpaka 6 adalowa m'chipinda momwe maswiti anaima patebulo (marshmallows, pretzels, cookies). Anauzidwa kuti akhoza kudya, koma ngati adikira mphindi 15, adzalandira mphotho. Pa ana 600 okha kamodzi kamodzi kamodzi adadya chakudya chochokera patebulo, ena onse akuyembekezera moleza mtima mphotho, osakhudza kukoma. Kuyesera kwawonetsa kuti gawo ili la ana pambuyo pake linali ndi zizindikiro zabwino kwambiri pamoyo kuposa ana omwe sakanatha kudziletsa okha.
8. Kuyesera kwa Milgram.
Kuyeseraku kunachitika mu 1961 ndi katswiri wamaganizo Stanley Milgram. Cholinga chake ndi kusonyeza kuti munthu amatsatira malangizo ovomerezeka, ngakhale atapweteka ena. Ophunzira anali mu udindo wa aphunzitsi omwe akanatha kuyang'anira mpando wa magetsi omwe wophunzirayo anakhala. Iye amayenera kuyankha mafunso ngati iwo anali olakwika, ali ndi kukhudzidwa. Zotsatira zake, zinapezeka kuti anthu 65 peresenti adachita kuwombera, kuyang'anira zamakono, zomwe zingamulepheretse munthu kukhala ndi moyo. Kumvera, komwe kumakulira kuyambira ubwana, sikuli chinthu chabwino. Kuyesa kukuwonetsa izi.
9. Yang'anani ndi ngozi ya galimoto.
Pakafukufuku wa 1974, ophunzira adafunsidwa kulingalira za kuwonongeka kwa galimoto. Cholinga chake ndi kusonyeza kuti ziganizo za anthu zimasiyana malinga ndi momwe mafunsowa akufunira. Ophunzira adagawidwa m'magulu awiri, anafunsidwa za zinthu zomwezo, koma zolemba ndi malemba zinali zosiyana. Zotsatira zake, zinakhala kuti lingaliro la munthu akunja likudalira momwe funsoli linafunsidwira. Sikuti nthawi zonse mawu oterewa ndi odalirika.
10. Zowonongeka Zonyenga.
Ophunzira a ku yunivesite adafunsidwa ngati avomereza kwa theka la ora kuti ayende kuzungulira kampuyo kuti aziwonetseratu - ali ndi bolodi lalikulu lolembedwa kuti "Idyani ndi Joe." Amene adagwirizana anali otsimikiza kuti ambiri a gululo amavomerezana. Mofananamo, iwo amene anakana kutenga nawo mbali mu kuyesa ankaganiza. Phunziroli linasonyeza bwino kuti munthu ankakhulupirira kuti malingaliro ake amagwirizana ndi lingaliro la ambiri.
11. Kuyesedwa kosaoneka kwa Gorilla.
Ofunsidwawo adawonera vidiyoyi, komwe anthu atatu omwe amavala malaya oyera ndi anthu atatu akuvala masewera akuda. Ankafunika kuwona ochita masewera oyera. Pakati pa kanema pa khothilo adawonekera gorilla, ndipo okwana anakhalapo kwa masekondi 9. Zotsatira zake, zinawoneka kuti ena mwa iwo sanawone konse, atangoyang'anitsitsa kuwona osewerawo. Kuyesera kunawonetsa kuti ambiri samazindikira chilichonse chowazungulira ndipo ena samamvetsa kuti amakhala osokonezeka.
12. Kafukufuku "Chilombo".
Mayesero lero akuonedwa kuti ndi owopsa ndipo sakuchititsanso. Zaka za m'ma 30, cholinga chake chinali kutsimikizira kuti kusuntha sikutembenuka kwa chibadwa, koma ndi chinthu chimodzi. Ana amasiye 22 adagawidwa m'magulu awiri. Dr. Johnson anayesera kutsimikizira kuti ngati mutchula kuti gulu limodzi likugwedeza ana, ndiye kuti kulankhula kwawo kungowonjezereka. Magulu awiri anabwera patsogolo. Gululo, lotchedwa mwachibadwa, linapereka chidziwitso ndipo linayankhidwa bwino. Gulu lachiwiri mosamala, mosamala, linayambitsa ndemanga, losatsimikizika za luso lake. Pamapeto pake, ngakhale ana omwe sanayambe kusinthasintha, adapeza matendawa. Mwana mmodzi yekha ndi amene sanalandire kuphwanya. Ana omwe adzizira kale, adachulukitsa chikhalidwecho. Mu gulu lachiwiri, mwana mmodzi yekha anali ndi vuto ndi kulankhula. M'tsogolomu, kugwedeza kumeneku kunakhalabe ndi ana kuti akhale ndi moyo, kuyesera kunakhala koopsa.
13. Yesetsani zotsatira za Hawthorne.
Kuyesera ndi zotsatira za Hawthorne zinachitika mu 1955. Anakwaniritsa cholinga chake chowonetsa kuti zinthu zogwira ntchito zimakhudza zokolola. Zotsatira zake, zinaoneka kuti palibe kusintha (kuyatsa bwino, mapulogalamu, maola ochepa ogwira ntchito) sikukhudza zotsatira zomaliza. Anthu amagwira bwino ntchito, podziwa kuti mwiniwake wa malonda amawakonda. Iwo anali okondwa kumva kufunika kwake, ndipo zokolola zinali kukula.
14. Yang'anani ndi zotsatira zake.
Cholinga chake ndi kusonyeza kuti khalidwe loyamba la munthu limakhudza momwe, m'tsogolo, makhalidwe ake amadziwika. Edward Thorndike, yemwe ndi wophunzira komanso katswiri wa zamaganizo, adafunsa akuluakulu awiri kuti aone msirikali pazifukwa zina. Cholinga chake chinali kutsimikizira kuti munthu yemwe adalandira kale kuyesa kwa msirikali, mtsogolomu, adamufotokozera bwino za ena onse. Ngati poyamba adatsutsidwa, mtsogoleriyo adawunika msilikali. Izi zatsimikizira kuti maganizo oyamba amathandiza kwambiri pakuyankhulana.
15. Nkhani ya Kitty Genovese.
Kupha kwa Kitti sikunakonzedwenso ngati kuyesa, koma kunapangitsa kuti apeze phunziro lotchedwa "Bidentar." Zotsatira zake zimapezeka, ngati munthu saloledwa kutsekereza pakadalirika ndi kukhalapo kwake. Genovese anaphedwa m'nyumba yake, ndipo mboni zomwe adawona izi sizinayese kumuthandiza kapena kutchula apolisi. Zotsatira: Owonetsa amasankha kusasokoneza zomwe zikuchitika ngati pali mboni zina, popeza sizikumva kuti ndizoyankhira.
16. Yesetsani ndi chidole cha Bobo.
Kuyesera kumatsimikizira kuti khalidwe laumunthu limaphunziridwa mothandizidwa ndi machitidwe a anthu, kukopera komanso osati cholowa.
Albert Bandura anagwiritsa ntchito chidole cha Bobo kuti atsimikizire kuti ana amatsanzira makhalidwe akuluakulu. Anagawa ophunzira m'magulu angapo:
- mwana mmodzi anayamba kubwereza khalidwe laukali kwa chidole, kukopera akuluakulu;
- chachiwiri chimangosewera ndi chidole, kutsanzira munthu wamkulu;
- mu gulu lachitatu anali ana amene sanadziwikire kwa akuluakulu.
Chifukwa cha kuyesera, wasayansi anapeza kuti ana nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito khalidwe lachiwawa, makamaka anyamata.
17. Yesetsani kugwirizana ndi Asch (Ash).
Kuyesera kwa Ashi kunatsimikizira kuti anthu amayesa kulumikizana ndi zikhalidwe za magulu. Mwamuna anabwera m'chipindamo ndi maphunziro, ndikugwira dzanja lake chithunzi ndi mizere itatu. Anapempha aliyense kuti anene kuti ndi ndani mwazitali kwambiri. Anthu ambiri adapanga mayankho olakwika. Kwa iwo, anthu atsopano anayikidwa mu chipinda, omwe anayesera kufanana ndi ambiri omwe adayankha molakwika. Chotsatira chake, chinatsimikiziridwa kuti m'magulu a gulu, anthu amakonda kuchita monga ena onse, ngakhale umboni wa chisankho cholondola.
18. Mayesero abwino a Asamariya.
Pakati pa kuyesedwa kumatsimikiziridwa kuti chikhalidwe chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri chiwonetsero cha kukoma mtima. Gulu lina la ophunzira ochokera ku seminare ya Princeton yophunzitsa zaumulungu linadzaza mu 1973 mafunso okhudza maphunziro achipembedzo ndi ntchito. Atatha kupita ku nyumba ina. Ophunzira ali ndi zosiyana zosiyana za liwiro la kuyenda ndi kuyamba kusintha. Ali mumsewu, wojambulayo amatsanzira dziko la kusowa thandizo (iye ankasaka, akuwonetsa kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino). Malingana ndi liwiro la kuyenda kwa ophunzira, linadalira m'mene ophunzira angathandizire munthu. Anthu 10% akufulumira kupita kumalo ena, adamuthandiza; iwo omwe anapita mofulumira anavomera vuto lake mochulukirapo. 63% mwa ophunzira adathandizira. Mwamsanga wakhala chinthu chaumwini, chomwe chinalepheretsa ntchito yabwino.
19. Kamera ya Franz.
Franz mu 1961 anatsimikizira kuti munthu wabadwa kale ali ndi chidwi cholingalira nkhope za anthu. Mwanayo anaikidwa, gulu linaikidwa pamwamba pake, pomwe panali zithunzi 2 - nkhope ya munthu ndi maso a ng'ombe. Franz anayang'ana kuchokera pamwamba, ndipo anamaliza kuti mwanayo amamuyang'anitsitsa. Mfundo iyi imafotokozedwa motere - nkhope ya munthu imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa moyo wam'tsogolo wa mwanayo.
20. Kuyesera kwachitatu.
Ron Johnson, mphunzitsi wa mbiri yakale ku sukulu ya sekondale ku California, anasonyeza chifukwa chake Ajeremani anavomereza mwamphamvu ulamuliro wa Nazi. Anakhala masiku angapo m'magulu ake ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amayenera kugwirizanitsa ndi kulangiza. Gululo linayamba kukula, chiwerengero cha mafani chinawonjezeka, iye anasonkhanitsa ophunzira pa msonkhano ndipo anati adzauzidwa za wotsatila wotsatila pulezidenti pa TV. Ophunzirawo atafika - anakumana ndi kanjira kopanda pake, ndipo aphunzitsiwo analankhula za momwe dziko la Germany linagwirira ntchito komanso chinsinsi cha mabodza ake.
21. Zowonongeka.
Yesetsani Facebook 2012 kukhala wosasintha. Anthu opanga malo ochezera a pa Intaneti sanadziwitse olemba awo za izo. Pakadutsa sabata imodzi, chidwi chachikulu cha ogwiritsira ntchito chinali kuika maganizo pa zinthu zoipa kapena zabwino. Zotsatira zake, zinawululidwa kuti maganizo omwe amapezeka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito pa webusaitiyi, amakhudza mwachindunji moyo wawo weniweni. Zotsatira za phunziroli ndizovuta, koma aliyense akudziwa momwe zimakhalira lero pa malo ochezera a anthu ali ndi anthu.
22. Yesetsani kukhala mayi wamwamuna.
M'zaka za m'ma 1950s-1960 Harry Harlow adapanga phunziro, kuyesa kupeza mgwirizano pakati pa chikondi cha mayi ndi kukula kwa mwanayo. Otsatira pa kuyesera anali macaques. Mwamsanga atangobereka, anawo anayikidwa muzipangizo zapadera - zipangizo zapadera zomwe zingapereke chakudya kwa achinyamata. Chotsatira choyamba chinali chokulungidwa ndi waya, chachiwiri ndi nsalu yofewa. Zotsatira zake, zinawululidwa kuti ana anali akufikira kuti apite patsogolo. Panthawi ya nkhawa, adamukumbatira, akumutonthoza. Ana oterewa anakulira ndi kukhudzidwa kwamtima kwa woperewera. Ana omwe anakulira moyandikana ndi waya wothandizidwa ndi waya sanamvere zakukhosi, gululi silinali loyenera. Iwo anali opanda chitetezo, anathamangira pansi.
23. Yesetsani kudziwa za dissonance.
Katswiri wa zamaganizo Leon Festinger mu 1959 anasonkhanitsa nkhani zambiri, akuwaitanira kuti azigwira ntchito yovuta - inali yofunikira kutembenuza zikwamazo pa ola limodzi. Chotsatira chake, gawo limodzi la gululi linaperekedwa $ 1, yachiwiri $ 20. Izi zinachitidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti atachoka m'chipinda, nkhani zonsezo zinanena kuti ntchitoyi inali yosangalatsa. Ophunzira omwe adalandira $ 1 adanena kuti akuyembekezera kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosangalatsa. Amene adalandira $ 20 anati ntchitoyo sinali yosangalatsa. Kutsiliza - munthu yemwe amadzitsimikizira kuti wabodza, samanyenga, amakhulupirira.
24. Kuyesera kwa Prison Stanford.
Kufufuza kwa Stanford kunali kochitidwa ndi pulofesa wa maganizo a Philip Zimbardo mu 1971. Pulofesayo ananena kuti kuchitiridwa nkhanza m'ndendemo kunakhumudwitsidwa ndi mbali yaikulu yodziŵika kwa alonda ndi akaidi. Ophunzirawo anagawa magulu awiri - akaidi, alonda. Kumayambiriro kwa kuyesa, akaidi adalowa mu ndende popanda katundu wawo, amaliseche. Iwo analandira mawonekedwe apadera, zogona. Alonda adayamba kusonyeza chakukhosi kwa akaidi maola angapo chiyambireni kuyesedwa. Patadutsa sabata, ena anayamba kusonyeza chidwi cha akaidi kwa akaidi. Ophunzira akusewera monga "akaidi" adasweka mwamakhalidwe ndi thupi. Kuyesera kunawonetsa kuti munthu amakhala ndi udindo wosasinthika, chitsanzo cha khalidwe mmagulu. Kufikira kuyambira kwa kuyesa, palibe aliyense amene anali "chitetezo", sanasonyeze chilakolako chokhumudwitsa.
25. Yesetsero "Yotayika M'misika".
Gene Koan, wophunzira wamaganizo a Elizabeth Loftus, adawonetsa luso lakumangika, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zowona zomwe zingakonzedwe pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro oyesera. Anatenga wophunzirayo ngati phunziro la banja lake, adakumbukira zabodza kuyambira ali mwana ponena za momwe adatayira m'misika. Nkhanizo zinali zosiyana. Patapita kanthawi, munthu wongopeka adamuuza mbale wake zabodza, ndipo mchimwene wake adafotokozeranso nkhaniyo. Pamapeto pake iye sakanatha kumvetsetsa komwe kukumbukira kwachinyengo, komanso komwe kulipo. Pakapita nthawi, zimakhala zovuta kuti munthu athe kusiyanitsa zozizwitsa zamakono kuchokera kwa enieni.
26. Yesetsani kusathandiza.
Martin Seligman adachita mu 1965 kafukufuku wochepa pa zachinyengo. Atafufuza, agalu anachita nawo: patatha belu, m'malo modya adalandira pang'ono magetsi. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, iwo anakhalabe osasunthika. Kenaka, agalu anayikidwa m'khola ndi mpanda. Ena adanena kuti atatha kuyitana iwo adzalumphira, koma izi sizinachitike. Agalu omwe sanapereke mayeso, atatha kuyitana ndikuyesera kuwasokoneza ndi magetsi, nthawi yomweyo anathawa. Izi zatsimikizira kuti zoipa zomwe zidapitilira kale zimapangitsa munthu kuthandizidwa, samayesa kuchoka pazochitikazo.
27. Kuyesera pang'ono kwa Albert.
Masiku ano, kuyesera kukuwoneka kuti sikukuyenda bwino, kosayenerera. Inachitika mu 1920 ndi John Watson ndi Rosalie Reiner ku yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins. Albert yemwe anali ndi zaka chimodzi anaikidwa pa mateti pakati pa chipinda ndipo khola loyera linaikidwa. Pambuyo pake, panali phokoso lochuluka phokoso laching'ono, pomwe mwanayo adalira. Pambuyo pake, adangowonongeka mkota okha, adawona kuti ndiwopseza, wokhudzana ndi phokoso. M'tsogolomu, zoterezo zinali zowonongeka zonse zofewa. Zonse zomwe zinali kutali ndi iye, zinayamba kulira. Kuyesera sikukuchitidwa lero chifukwa chakuti sichikugwirizana ndi lamulo, ili ndi nthawi zambiri zosayenerera.
28. Kuyesera kwa galu Pavlov.
Pavlov anachita kafukufuku wochuluka, pamene adapeza kuti zinthu zina zosagwirizana ndi zosokoneza zingayambitse maonekedwe ake. Izi zinakhazikitsidwa pamene adaimba belu ndikupatsa chakudya cha galu. Patapita kanthawi, phokosoli limapweteka kwambiri. Izi zasonyeza kuti munthu amaphunzira kugwirizanitsa chotsitsimutsa ku reflex, conditioned reflex amapangidwa.