Kunyada ndi mbiri, manyazi ndi kunamizira ndi mbali ziwiri za Masewera a Olimpiki.
Maseŵera a Olimpiki Achilimwe akugwirizanitsidwa, mbali imodzi, ndi ulemu, ulemerero ndi kupambana. Kumbali ina, pali mikangano, zopweteka ndi chinyengo. Tiyeni tione nthawi zabwino kwambiri kumbali zonse ziwiri, kuyambira ndi chinyengo chochititsa manyazi mu 1896 chisanafike poti ndale yaikulu mu 1968.
1. 1896, Athens: marathon m'galimoto
Maseŵera oyambirira a Olimpiki, mmodzi mwa anthu omwe anali nawo pa mpikisano wothamanga wa Spiridon Belokas anatsogolera mbali ya njirayo m'galimoto. Ngakhale zili choncho, amangofika pamzere womaliza wachitatu.
2. 1900, Paris: Akazi ?! Ndizomvetsa chisoni bwanji!
Pamaseŵera oyambirira a Olimpiki mu 1896, akazi sakanatha kuchita nawo mpikisano. Koma kale pa Masewera Achiwiri Olimpiki ku Paris, amayi adaloledwa kutenga nawo mbali, komabe, muzinthu zisanu: tennis, akavalo, oyendayenda, croquet ndi golf. Koma ngakhale ichi chinali chitukuko chachikulu, chifukwa chakuti pofika mu 1900 m'mayiko ambiri amayi adalibe ngakhale ufulu wovota.
3. 1904, St. Louis: Marathon m'galimoto
Apanso mukhoza kutsimikiza kuti moyo suphunzitsa chirichonse, ndipo American Fred Lorz sanatenge zowona pa mlanduwu ndi Belokas. Osasuntha 15 km, adalowa m'galimoto ya mphunzitsi wake, pomwe adakwera makilomita 18, pamene galimotoyo idagwa mwadzidzidzi. Makilomita asanu ndi anayi otsalawo Lortz anathamanga yekha, akusiya omenyana kutali. Pambuyo pa mphotoyi, adakalibe kuvomereza, sankayenera, koma patatha chaka chimodzi adapeza mpikisano wothamanga ku Boston.
4. 1908, London: chisokonezo m'malamulo
Kodi tifunika kuchita chiyani ngati mayiko awiriwa asagwirizane ndi malamulo omwewo? Kenaka amasankha malamulo a dziko la alendo. Zinachitika mu 1908 mu mpikisano wa mamita 400, pamene American John Carpenter adaletsa njira yopita ku British Wyndham Holswell, yomwe inaloledwa ku US, koma iletsedwa ku Britain. Mmisiri wamatabwa sankayenerera malinga ndi malamulo a Olimpiki a m'dzikoli, koma othamanga ena awiri anali Amwenye ndipo, mogwirizana ndi dziko lakwawo, anakana kulowerera nawo, kuti Holswell ayambe kuthamanga yekha. Pambuyo pake anapatsidwa chigonjetso.
5. 1932, Los Angeles: Zodabwitsa
Chifukwa chogonjetsa siliva mumasewera okongola kwambiri - othamanga, - wothamanga Swedish wotchedwa Bertil Sandström anachotsedwapo mfundo ndipo anasamukira kumalo otsiriza akuti akugwiritsa ntchito njira zoletsedwa za akavalo - ndi kuwongolera. Sandström anafotokozera chiyambi cha phokoso ndi chombo cha sitima. Chimene chinali kwenikweni, sichinali chotheka kupeza, koma adakali ndi ndondomeko ya siliva.
6. 1936, Berlin: kuyesedwa koyambirira
Polimbana ndi chigonjetso pamtunda wa mamita zana, Stanislav Valasevich, yemwe anali katswiri wazamalonda wa ku Poland, anataya pang'ono kwa American Helene Stevens. Izi zinachititsa kuti gulu la Polish likhale losavomerezeka. Iwo adati nthawi yomwe amayi a ku America anawonetsa sakanatha kupindula ndi amayi ndipo amafunika kuyesedwa kwa amayi. Stevens anavomera kuti ayesedwe mochititsa manyazi, zomwe zinatsimikizira kuti anali mkazi. Koma chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti nkhaniyi inalandira mosayembekezereka kenako. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, mu 1980, Stanislava Valasevich, yemwe panthaŵiyo anasamukira ku US ndipo anasintha dzina lake kuti akhale Stella Wolsch, anaphedwa mu chamba ku shopu ku Cleveland. Pa autopsy, chowonadi chododometsa chinatuluka: iye anali wamagazi.
7. 1960, Rome: akuyenda opanda nsapato
Mpaka pa masewera a 1960 asanakwanitse kuchita nsapato. Mmodzi wothamanga kuchokera ku Ethiopia, Abebe Bikila, adakopeka pamene adathamanga marathon onse opanda nsapato ndi kumaliza.
8. 1960, Rome: m'malo mwa othamanga
Pa mtundu woyamba wa mpikisano wa pentathlon - ulesi - othamanga ochokera ku Tunisia anayesera kupambana, koma anazindikira kuti akutsalira kumbuyo. Kenaka adaganiza kutumiza nthawi iliyonse kukamenyana m'malo mwa mamembala ena omwe ali ndi mphamvu yomweyo. Komabe, pamene wothamanga yemweyo adalowa mu khola kachitatu, chinyengo chinavumbulutsidwa.
9. 1960, Rome: kupambana ndi diso
American Lance Larson ndi John DeWitt wa ku Australia pa chochitika cha mamita 100 cha freestyle chochitika chimodzimodzi. M'masiku amenewo kunalibe zipangizo zamagetsi, oweruza adaganiza kuti wopambanayo akuwonekera. Pamapeto pake, atatha kufunsa tsikuli, kupambana kunaperekedwa kwa DeWitt, ngakhale kuti Larson anakhudza choyamba.
10. 1964, Tokyo: chisokonezo cha chromosomal
Mtolankhani wa ku Poland Eva Klobukovska adagonjetsa "golidi" m'kati mwa mamita 4 mpaka 100 ndi "bronze" pamtunda wa mamita zana. Komabe, zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za kuyesedwa kwa chromosome, iye anali wosayenera ndipo anachotsedwa mphoto zonse za Olimpiki za 1964. Komabe, monga momwe zinalili ndi Volsh, nkhaniyo siimatha pamenepo. Zaka zingapo kenako Klobukovskaya anali ndi mwana wamwamuna, ndipo kukayikira kwake za kugonana kwake kunali kwina, mosiyana ndi kuyesa kwa chibadwa kuti atsimikizire chromosome yodabwitsa, yomwe inayambitsa zodandaula zambiri.
11. 1972, Munich: "wopitirira" wothamanga
Pamene omvera adawona munthu uyu, adathamanga kupita ku bwalo la masewera pa marathon, aliyense adaganiza kuti wopambanayo anali akuthamanga mtunda wa makilomita 42. Ndipotu, anali wophunzira wachijeremani amene anaganiza zowonongeka kwa omvera zikwi zambiri. Iye sanangokhala nawo mu marathon, sanali wothamanga nkomwe. Wopambana kwenikweni, American Frank Shorter, anawonekera kenako.
12. 1968, Mexico: chilankhulo cha thupi
Wochita masewera wotchuka wa ku Czech Vera Chaslavska anakhala chizindikiro cha dziko lonse lolimbana ndi ufulu pamene, pa phwando la mphoto, iye anachoka ku mbendera ya Soviet panthawi imene ankachita mwano pochita chionetsero chotsutsa nkhondo ya Soviet ku Czechoslovakia.
13. 1968, Mexico City: chinyengo choyamba cha doping
Pa Olimpiki iyi kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya wothamangayo anali wosayenera kugwiritsa ntchito dope. Hans-Gunnar Lillenvall wa ku Sweden, yemwe anali pentathlon, ankamwa mowa musanapikisane nawo, kuti asachite mantha. Wopikisanoyo anasiya mphoto yamkuwa pambuyo poti mowa wake amapezeka m'magazi ake.
14. 1968, Mexico City: salute wakuda
Pamsonkhano wa mpikisano wa mamembala a 200m, ochita masewera a ku America John Carlos ndi Tommy Smith anakweza zibambo zawo m'magulu akuluakulu ndipo adalonjera ndi mitu yawo pofuna kutsutsa tsankho. Kotero iwo anaimirira pa zala zawo opanda nsapato, akuimira umphaŵi wa anthu akuda. Chinali chipolowe chachikulu, pambuyo pake othamanga adathamangitsidwa mu timu. Peter Norman wa ku Australiya, wothamanga, akuwoneka kuti akuyimira pazendo, ndipo adatengapo gawo, akuvala baji ya polojekiti ya Olympic ya ufulu waumunthu, yomwe idayankhula motsutsana ndi tsankho. Norman atamwalira, Carman ndi Smith ankanyamula bokosi lake.
15. 1972, Munich: palibe kulengeza
Chodabwitsa kwambiri, koma pamsasa wothamanga wa Olimpiki unali imodzi mwa maseŵera pakati pa maseŵera a chilimwe. Mtambo wa ku Austria Karl Schrange anali wosayenera kuti aoneke atavala T-shirt ndi kusindikiza kwa khofi pamasewero a mpira, omwe ankawoneka ngati akuthandizira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Schrantz analeka kuonedwa kuti ndi wotchuka, ndipo malinga ndi malamulo a Olympic Charter, omwe ankachita panthawiyo, akatswiri ankaletsedwa kutenga nawo maseŵera a Olimpiki. Chochitikacho chinali ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu ndipo kenaka chinachititsa kusintha ku Komiti ya International Olympic Committee (IOC).
16. 1972, mumzinda wa Munich: chigawo cha Korbut
Wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Soviet Olga Korbut kwa nthawi yoyamba anafotokoza chinthu chovuta kwambiri, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapiringi ambiri. Wopanga masewerawa akuima pa baramwamba ndipo akubwezeretsa, akugwirana manja ake. Mutuwu unatha kufotokoza yekha Elena Mukhina, yemwe anawongolera ndi chotupa. Pakalipano, "Korbut lopopera" saloledwa ndi malamulo a gymnastics, tk. othamanga saloledwa kuima pazitsulo zosagwirizana.
17. 1972, München: zoopsa za basketball
Mpikisano wotsiriza wa masewera a Olimpiki ukutengedwa kuti ndiwopikisana kwambiri kuyambira 1936, pamene masewerawa anaphatikizidwa pulogalamu ya Olimpiki. Zosangalatsa zonse - gulu la US - anataya golide ku timu ya USSR. Zikuwoneka zosadabwitsa, koma zotsatira za masewerawo zinasankha masekondi atatu. Pazifukwa zina, sirenyo inamveka masekondi atatu kale, ndipo sitimayi inkayenera kubwereranso. Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa cha zolakwika zolakwika, gulu la Soviet linaloledwa kulowerera mpira katatu, ngakhale kuti liyenera kumalizidwa pambuyo poyambirira kapena, pokhapokha atapatsidwa mavuto aumisiri, yachiwiri yopereka. Masewerawo adatha ndi zotsatira zake 51-50, mfundo ziwiri zogwira mtima kwa gulu la USSR linabweretsa mpirawo, womwe unagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapeto omaliza. Gulu la America linakana kulandira ndondomeko ya siliva ndipo sanapite ku mwambowu. Monga akatswiri ambiri apadziko lonse, osewera mpira wa ku America amakana kuzindikira zotsatira za masewerawa.
18. 1976, Montreal: nkhaniyi ndi yapamwamba kwambiri kuposa yapamwamba
Romanian masewera olimbitsa thupi Nadia Komaneci, akuyankhula pa osagwirizana mipando, anakhala woyamba wothamanga, amene analandira 10 mfundo. Zinali zosayembekezereka kuti oweruza sanakhulupirire mwamsanga maso awo, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti malire a malire adakhala pa 9.99.
19. 1976, Montreal: Boris ndi Wachigwirizano
Boma la Soviet Boris Onischenko, mpikisano wambiri wa mpikisano wa padziko lapansi, adatsutsidwa ndichinyengo. Mu lupanga lake munakwera batani limene angathe kuliyendetsa pakhomo pake nthawi iliyonse ndikutsegula babu yowunikira jekeseni wa jekeseni. Ndipo ngakhale atagonjetsa lupanga, moona mtima adagonjetsa mowonjezereka mndandanda, izi sizinamupulumutse kuchitidwa chisankho kwa moyo wake wonse ndi kuwonongera mphoto zonse.
20. 1980, Moscow: chizindikiro cha "mkono wa theka"
Wochita masewera wa ku Poland Vladislav Kazakevich, yemwe adagonjetsa golide pa pole vaulting, adadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha "manja" ake, omwe adawawonetsa anthu omwe adamukwiyitsa, yemwe adadwala wothamanga wa Soviet Volkov. Ankafuna ngakhale kuletsa ndondomekoyi, koma gulu la Polish linalimbikitsa oweruza kuti chizindikirocho sichinali chipongwe, koma chinayambitsidwa ndi kupweteka kwa minofu.
21. 1984, Los Angeles: kugwa pambuyo pa kugunda
Pakati pa mpikisano wa mtunda wa mamita 3000, American Mary Decker, akudandaula kuti anali ndi ndondomeko ya golidi, adagwa pa udzu atagonjetsedwa ndi South African Ash Buld, yemwe ankakonda UK, ndipo sanathe kumaliza mpikisanowu. Pambuyo pa milandu yotsutsana, sizinali zoonekeratu zomwe zinachitikadi. Komabe, patatha chaka chimodzi, pamene mpikisano ku UK ndi America adagonjetsa golidi patali, adatha kugwedeza dzanja la Budd ndikuvomereza kuti chifukwa chake anagwa pa Olimpiki ndikuti zinali zachilendo kuti athamange pakati pa anthu ambiri.
22. 1984, Los Angeles: Zopweteka za Amapasa
Mmodzi wa maseŵera a Puerto Rico Madeleine de Yesu atagonjetsa ulendo wake wautali, adaganiza kuti athandizidwe ndi kutumiza mapasa ake awiri kuti azitha kuyenda mamita 4 mpaka 400 kuti adziyese yekha. Palibe yemwe ankadandaula kalikonse komanso mu gulu la timuyi timuyi ili ndi mwayi wabwino. Komabe, mphunzitsi wa timu ya anthu adakhala ngati munthu wodabwitsa kwambiri ndipo adachotsa timuyo kuchokera kumapeto pomwe atangomva za kusintha.
23. 1988, Seoul: golidi, ngakhale kuti anavulala
Chithunzichi chikusonyeza momveka bwino mmene Greg Luganis, wotchuka wa masewera a ku America, amamenyera mutu wake panthawi yomwe amatsutsana. Ngakhale kuti adathyola mutu wake m'magazi ndipo movutikira anamaliza kulumpha, tsiku lotsatira adapeza mpikisano wodalirika ndipo adagonjetsa ndondomeko yake yachitatu ya golidi, patsogolo pa mdani wake wapafupi ndi mfundo 26.
24. 1988, Seoul: doping ya madola zana
Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira 1928, kupambana mamita zana ku timu ya ku Canada, Ben Johnson adachotsedwa ndi golide patatha masiku atatu, atapezeka kuti steroid imapezeka m'magazi ake. Monga mphunzitsi wake adanena kale, pafupifupi oseŵera onse panthawiyo ankagwiritsa ntchito steroids, ndipo Johnson anali mmodzi mwa anthu ambiri omwe anagwidwa.
25. 1988, Seoul: kuweruza mwachilungamo
Pamsonkhano womaliza pakati pa American Boxer Roy Jones ndi South Korea Pak Sihun kupambana adapatsidwa kwa womaliza, zinali zodabwitsa kwa aliyense, kuphatikizapo wopambana yekha. Jones anagonjetsedwa m'magulu onse atatu (mosiyana ndi akatswiri akulimbana ndi maulendo 12, okonda 3 okha), pamtanda wachiwiri, a Korea anayenera kuwerengera pansi kugogoda kwa "kuima". M'malo onse ozungulira, kupatula oyamba aja, Jones anapanga miyendo yolondola kuposa Sihun chifukwa cha nkhondo yonseyo. Nkhondoyi idaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zopanda chilungamo m'mbiri ya mabokosi, makamaka chifukwa cha iye mu bokosi la masewera lomwe linayambitsidwa.
26. 2000, Sydney: Kuwombera koopsa
Wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Australia Alanna Slater anatsutsa lingaliro lakuti projectile yodumphira pansiyo inakhala yotsika kwambiri, ndipo ikayesa, inapezeka kuti inali masentimita asanu pansi pa mlingo woyenera. Othamanga asanu adaloledwa kulankhula kachiwiri, koma ndi angati ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe adathamanga mpikisano mpaka mpikisanowo utayikidwa kutalika.
27. 2000, Sydney: ndichinyengo cha nurofen
Pamene wojambula masewera wa ku Romania Andrea Radukan pa masewerawa adatenga chimfine, dokotala wa timu ya dziko adamupatsa nurofen - wodziwika bwino antipyretic, yomwe popanda mankhwala angagulitsidwe pa pharmacy iliyonse. Dokotala sanazindikire kuti mankhwalawa akuphatikizapo pseudoephedrine, kuphatikizapo IOC m'ndandanda wa mankhwala oletsedwa. Chotsatira chake, mzimayi wamasewerayo anali atachotsedwa ndi golidi m'mayendedwe ake onse. Komabe, Komiti ya Olimpiki inakumbukira kuti chochitikacho chinali chifukwa cha kusanyalanyaza kwa dokotala, kotero ndemanga ziwiri zotsalira, golidi wachiwiri ndi siliva, zinachoka ku masewera olimbitsa thupi.
28. 2004, Athens: mpikisano wothamanga
Atathamanga mbali yaikulu ya mpikisano wa marathon, British Paula Radcliffe, yemwe wapanga mbiri ya dziko yomwe sanakanthe mtundawu mu 2002, adagwa ndipo sanathe kuwuka, zomwe zinayambitsa chidwi cha anthu ambiri. A nyuzipepalayi adatsutsa wothamanga kuti sanayese kupitiliza mpikisano; akukangana pa zifukwazo, akuganiza kuti akufuna kupambana ndi njira zonse, koma pozindikira kuti anali wochepa kwa Mizuki Noguchi wa Japan, adafuna kusiya machesi, ndi zina zotero. Pomalizira pake, maganizo a anthu adatsamira pa Radcliffe, ndipo nyuzipepalayi inamunamizira kuti inamupweteka kwambiri chifukwa chakuti anali mkazi.
29. 2008, Beijing: zaka zotsutsana
Kexin, wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ku China amene adagonjetsa ndondomeko ziwiri zagolidi, ndi anthu ena awiri omwe anali kudziko lina anayamba kunyozedwa ndi zaka zamoyo. Ngakhale kuti Kesin anali ndi zaka 16 panthawi ya Masewerawo, maonekedwe ake sanali ofanana ndi zaka zino - ankawoneka ngati wamng'ono, komanso panali kukayikira kwina pa zolemba zomwe zinatsimikizira zaka zake. IOC inayambanso kufufuza ndi pempho la zithunzi za banja ndi mapepala owonjezera, koma palibe china chomwe chingapezeke, ndipo kunyozedwa kunasokonezeka.
30. 2008, Beijing: Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Woweruza
Pa nthawi yachitatu yomenyera nkhondo, Taekwondoist wa ku Cuban Angel Matos anavulala ndipo anapempha kuti apite nthawi. Pamene, atatha kulandira mphindi imodzi, sanayambenso nkhondoyo, kupambana kwa malamulo kunaperekedwa kwa mpikisano wake. Cuban wokwiya kwambiri inakankhira woweruza woweruza ndipo inakankha nkhope ya woweruzayo. Kwa khalidwe lotere losafalitsa, wothamanga ndi mphunzitsi wake anali oyenerera moyo.
31. 2012, London: ora lisanagonjetse
Pakati pa masewera omaliza odzera malupanga malupanga, wothamanga wa ku South Korea Shin A Lam anali patsogolo pa mkazi wachi German wotchedwa Britta Heidemann, pamene kulephera pa sitimayi kunapatsa Wachin German champhindi mwayi wachiwiri, ndipo zinali zokwanira kuti apereke zida zochepa zotsutsa kwa mdani wake. Chigonjetso chinaperekedwa kwa German. Lam adafuula ndikulira ndikufunsanso zotsatira. Popeza malinga ndi malamulo a mpanda, ngati wothamanga atasiya njira, amavomereza kugonjetsedwa, Lam chifukwa cha ola limodzi, pamene oweruza adapereka, adakhalabe pamsasa. Komabe, pamapeto pake, oweruza adawona kugonjetsedwa kwake.
32. 2012, London: Ambiri Achimereka
Malingana ndi zotsatira za ulendo woyenerera, wojambula masewera wa ku America dzina lake Jordin Weber anali wachinayi payekha, koma sanafike pamapeto. Malinga ndi malamulo a Masewera a Olimpiki, dziko limodzi silingathe kusankha osathamanga oposa awiri mpikisano mwapamwamba kwambiri. Popeza malo achiwiri ndi achitatu adachitidwa ndi Amerika, Weber sanaloledwe kumaliza, ndipo othamanga ochokera m'mayiko ena adakweza, ngakhale adapeza zochepa.
33. 2016, Rio de Janeiro: chiwonongeko chodabwitsa kwambiri
Kuwopsya kwakukulu kwa maseŵera a Olimpiki panopa ndiko kuchotsa gawo limodzi mwa atatu a timu ya Russian kuchitapo nawo masewerawa pokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi World Anti-Doping Agency. Panthawi yafukufukuyo anapeza kuti nthawi ya Olimpiki ya Zima ku Sochi mu 2014 ku Russia kunali ndondomeko ya doping boma komanso kutenga nawo mbali mwapadera, mothandizidwa ndi kusintha kwa zitsanzo za othamanga a ku Russia. Kubwerera mu Julayi, kunalibe kanthu ngati gulu la Russian likanaloledwa kutenga nawo mbali pa Olimpiki, koma kenako IOC inachepetsa malo ake ndipo zinasankhidwa kuganizira chisankho cha wothamanga aliyense payekha. Chifukwa chake, mmalo mwa ochita masewera 387 ku Rio analoledwa kutumiza 279.
Kuonjezera apo, mu September 2015, mildonia - kotodirotrotector, kuwonjezereka kupirira ndi kusintha bwino kuchiza pambuyo polemetsa - kunayambitsidwa mndandanda wa zokonzekera zoletsedwa. Analowetsedwa ku USSR zaka makumi anayi zapitazo, mankhwalawa anali otchuka makamaka pakati pa othamanga Achirasha. Pambuyo pa Januwale 1, 2016, pamene lamuloli linayamba kugwira ntchito, zitsanzo zabwino zinapezedwa pakati pa akatswiri ambiri othamanga, omwe ambiri mwa iwo anali ochokera ku Russia, omwe anali chifukwa chomveka chotsutsa kuti mchitidwe wachisokonezo ndi meldon ndi wa ndale.