Mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Zilangizi ndi gulu la mankhwala omwe amatha kufooketsa kapena kuthetsa ululu. Mwa chikhalidwe chawo, zotsatira za mankhwala ndi zotsatira pa thupi, analgesics amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso osokoneza bongo.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso osokoneza bongo

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi awa:

1. Kukonzekera kwa salicylic acid: aspirin, sodium salicylate.
2. Kukonzekera kwa pyrazolone: ​​analgin, amidopyrine, butadione.
3. Zokonzekera zochokera ku aniline: paracetamol, panadol, phenacetin.
4. Zokonzekera zochokera ku alkanoic acid: diclofenac sodium, brufen.
5. Ena: natrofen, piroxicam, dimexide, chlorotazole.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo:

1. Tincture ndi kuchotsa opiamu.
2. Alkaloids of opium: Kukonzekera komwe kuli ndi morphine ndi codeine.
3. Zomwe zimagwirizana ndi morphine: ethylmorphine, hydrocodone, ndi zina zotero.
4. Mapulogalamu othandizira a morphine: estocin, butorphanol, buprenorphine, methadone, sufentanil, alfentanil, oxymorphone, levorphanol, propoxyphene, nalbuphine, nalorphine, fentanyl, promedol, tramadol, tramal.

Pharmacology ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Zambiri mwa zilembo zimenezi zimachokera ku ma morphine. Malinga ndi kapangidwe kameneka, iwo ali agonist kapena antonist antpio (ululu) receptors.

1. Agonists: morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, remifentanil, levorphanol, oxycodone.
2. Agonists osiyana: codeine, hydrocodone, propoxyphene, diphenoxylate.
3. Agagonists: buprenorphine, nalbuphine, butorphanol, pentazocine, nalorphine (okonzekera wothandizira ena ndi agonist kapena agonists amtundu umodzi wa otsutsa ndi otsutsa ena, zomwe zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kupuma, matumbo ndi zotsatira zina).
4. Zotsutsana: naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene.

Gulu lomaliza la mndandanda samatchula mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma ndi omwe amatsutsana nawo omwe ali ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwalawa asokonezeke. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti asokoneze zotsatira zake.

Zotsatira za thupi

Kwa analgesics za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zinthu zotsatirazi ndizo:

1. Chowopsa kwambiri, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa zovulala ndi matenda limodzi ndi ululu wowawa.
2. Zomwe zimakhudza dongosolo la mitsempha, likuwonetseredwa molimba mtima, ndipo limayambitsa kudalira maganizo ndi thupi ndi kuvomereza kwa nthawi yaitali.
3. Kuwonekera kwa matenda obisala mwa anthu omwe akudalira kwambiri.

Ma pharmacological mankhwala a mankhwala otero, kuwonjezera pa kutchulidwa kwa analgesic kwenikweni, akugona, kupuma kwachisoni ndi chifuwa reflex, kulimbitsa mau a chikhodzodzo ndi matumbo. Zikhozanso kuyambitsa kunyoza, kusanza, kusokonezeka dongosolo la mitsempha yapakati (mapulaneti) ndi zotsatira zina.

Njira yogwirira ntchito

Mankhwala a gululi amakhudza mbali ya ubongo, yomwe imayambitsa kusanthula maganizo, komwe kumasokoneza maganizo ndi maganizo a ululu, kumathetsa mantha omwe amachititsa. Kuonjezera kupangidwa kwa endorphins, zomwe zimapweteka anthu odwala ululu (ie, kuwapondereza), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azipewa kuchepetsa ululu. Motsogoleredwa ndi mankhwalawa, malo osangalatsa ndi chisangalalo amachitidwa mu ubongo, kumverera kwa kuunika, chitetezo, chisangalalo chimalengedwa, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonetseredwa kwa maganizo.