Ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya FM Dostoevsky "Uphungu ndi Chilango" ndi mbiri ya wophunzira yemwe anaganiza pa chiwawa choopsa. M'bukuli, wolembayo amakhudza mafunso ambiri a chikhalidwe, maganizo ndi mafilosofi omwe ali othandiza kwa anthu amasiku ano. Chiphunzitso cha Raskolnikov chakhala chikudziwonetsera kwa zaka makumi angapo.
Kodi Raskolnikov ndi ndani?
Protagonist, chifukwa cha kusinkhasinkha kwa nthawi yayitali, adafika pozindikira kuti anthu adagawidwa m'magulu awiri. Oyamba ndi anthu omwe angathe kuchita chilichonse chimene akufuna popanda kusamala malamulo. Kwa gulu lachiwiri, iye anaphatikiza anthu opanda ufulu, omwe miyoyo yawo ikhoza kunyalanyazidwa. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri za chiphunzitso cha Raskolnikov, chomwe chiri chofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu amasiku ano. Anthu ambiri amadziona kuti ndi apamwamba kuposa ena, akuswa malamulo ndikuchita chilichonse chimene akufuna. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kubweretsa akuluakulu.
Poyamba, woyang'anira ntchitoyo ankawona kuti chiphunzitso chake chinali nthabwala, koma pamene ankalingalira kwambiri za izo, zowoneka bwino zowoneka ngati zikuwoneka. Chotsatira chake, adagawaniza anthu onse kumbali yake ndikuwongolera malinga ndi momwe akufunira. Akatswiri a zamaganizo atsimikizira kale kuti munthu akhoza kudzidalira yekha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuganizira za iwo nthawi zonse. Malingaliro a Raskolnikov ndi mawonetseredwe a kudzikonda kwambiri.
Zifukwa za chilengedwe cha Raskolnikov
Osati kokha okonda mabuku, komanso akatswiri m'madera osiyanasiyana, anaphunzira mwaluso ntchito ya Dostoevsky kuti atsimikizire chikhalidwe cha filosofi ya Raskolnikov ndi chikhalidwe chawo.
- Pa zifukwa za chikhalidwe zomwe zimapangitsa msilikali kuchita cholakwa, wina angaphatikizepo chilakolako chofuna kumvetsetsa mtundu wa anthu omwe ali nawo ndi ululu kwa osauka omwe amadzichepetsa.
- Palinso zifukwa zina zomwe ziphunzitso za Raskolnikov zikutuluka: umphawi wadzaoneni, lingaliro la kusalungama kwa moyo ndi kutayika kwa zizindikiro zawo.
Kodi Raskolnikov anafika motani ku chiphunzitso chake?
Mutu waukulu mu buku lonseli amayesa kumvetsetsa zomwe zinayambitsa zoopsazo. Malingaliro a umunthu wamphamvu Raskolnikov amatsimikizira kuti kuti anthu ambiri akhale mosangalala, ochepa ayenera kuwonongedwa. Chifukwa cha kusinkhasinkha kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kulingalira kwa zochitika zosiyanasiyana, Rodion adatsimikiza kuti iye ndi wa gulu lapamwamba kwambiri. Okonda mabuku anabweretsa zifukwa zambiri zomwe zinamupangitsa kuchita chigawenga:
- chikoka cha chilengedwe ndi anthu;
- chilakolako chokhala wamkulu;
- chikhumbo chopeza ndalama;
- osakonda mkazi wachikulire ndi wopanda pake;
- chikhumbo choyesera chiphunzitso chanu.
Kodi nthano ya Raskolnikov imabweretsa chiyani kwa osowa?
Wolemba za Chiwawa ndi Chilango ankafuna m'buku lake kufotokoza kuvutika ndi kupweteka kwa anthu onse. Pafupi tsamba lirilonse lachidule ichi chimasonyeza umphawi, kusungulumwa ndi kuuma kwa anthu. Ndipotu, bukuli, lofalitsidwa mu 1866, likufanana kwambiri ndi anthu amasiku ano, omwe amasonyeza kuti alibe chidwi ndi mnzako. Malingaliro a Rodion Raskolnikov amatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa anthu osauka omwe alibe mwayi wokhala moyo wabwino, ndi otchedwa "atsogoleri a moyo" ndi thumba lalikulu.
Kodi kutsutsa kwa Raskolnikov ndi chiani?
Chithunzi cha protagonist chimaphatikizapo kusagwirizana komwe kungatheke panthawi yonseyi. Raskolnikov ndi munthu wokhudzidwa yemwe si wachilendo ku chisoni cha ena, ndipo akufuna kuthandiza osowa, koma Rodion amadziwa kuti sangasinthe njira za moyo. Komabe, iye amapereka chiphunzitso chomwe chimatsutsana kwathunthu ndi mfundo za moyo .
Kupeza zomwe zolakwa za Raskolnikov ndizofunikira msilikali yekha, ndi bwino kuzindikira kuti akuyembekezera kuti angathandize kuthetsa vutoli ndikuyamba kukhala ndi njira yatsopano. Pachifukwa ichi, msilikaliyo akupeza bwino kwambiri, ndipo akugwera kwambiri. Rodion ankakonda anthu, koma atapha mkazi wachikulire, sangathe kukhala nawo, izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa amayi. Zotsutsana zonsezi zikuwonetsa kupanda ungwiro kwa chiphunzitsochi chikupita patsogolo.
Kodi vuto la Raskolnikov lingaliro lotani?
Ngati tiganiza kuti lingaliro loperekedwa ndi Dostoevsky kupyolera mu malingaliro a protagonist lakhala lalikulu, zotsatirapo kwa anthu komanso dziko lonse lathunthu ndi lopweteka kwambiri. Mfundo ya Raskolnikov ndi yonena kuti anthu omwe amaposa njira zina, mwachitsanzo, mwayi wamalonda, akhoza "kuwonekera" njira yawo yabwino, kuchita chilichonse chimene akufuna, kuphatikizapo kupha. Ngati anthu ambiri ankatsatira mfundo imeneyi, dziko likanatha kukhalapo, posakhalitsa, omwe amatchedwa "ochita mpikisano" adzawonongana.
Mu buku lonseli, Rodion akukumana ndi zowawa za makhalidwe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosiyana. Malingaliro a Raskolnikov ndi owopsa chifukwa msilikali amayesa njira iliyonse kuti adziwonetsere kuti zochita zake zinali zolondola, chifukwa ankafuna kuthandizira banja lake, koma iye mwini sanafune chilichonse. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu amachita zolakwa, kuganiza motere, izo sizolondola chifukwa cha chisankho chawo.
Zochita ndi zoipa za chiphunzitso cha Raskolnikov
Poyamba, zingawoneke kuti palibe mbali yeniyeni yogonjera mtundu wa anthu, koma ngati zotsatira zoipa zonse zitayidwa, pakadalibe-kukhumba kwa munthu kukhala wosangalala. Malingaliro a Raskolnikov a ufulu wa umunthu wamphamvu amasonyeza kuti ambiri akuyesera moyo wabwinoko ndipo ali injini ya kupita patsogolo. Ponena za minuses, pali zambiri mwa iwo, ndipo ndizofunika kwa anthu omwe amagawana maganizo a protagonist wa bukuli.
- Chikhumbo chogawanitsa zonse m'magulu awiri, zomwe zingakhale ndi zotsatira zoyipa, mwachitsanzo, zizindikiro zomwezo ndizofanana ndi Nazism. Anthu onse ndi osiyana, koma ndi ofanana pamaso pa Mulungu, choncho chikhumbo chokhala wamkulu kuposa ena ndi cholakwika.
- Vuto lina limene lingaliro la Raskolnikov limabweretsa kudziko ndigwiritsidwe ntchito njira iliyonse m'moyo. Mwatsoka, anthu ambiri masiku ano amatsatira mfundo yakuti "mapeto amatsimikizira njira", zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto.
Nchiyani chinaletsa Raskolnikov kuti azikhala mogwirizana ndi lingaliro lake?
Vuto lonse liri mu mfundo yakuti kulenga pamutu pake ndi "chithunzi chabwino" Rodion sanaganizire zochitika za moyo weniweni. Inu simungakhoze kupanga dziko bwinoko pakupha munthu wina, ziribe kanthu yemwe iye anali. Cholinga cha lingaliro la Raskolnikov ndi zomveka, koma sizinaganizidwe kuti mkazi wachikulire anali chiyambi chokhalira ndi chisokonezo, ndipo kuchotsa, sikutheka kuthana ndi mavuto onse a dziko. Anthu omwe amayesetsa kupeza ndalama pazovuta za ena sizolondola kutchula mzu wa vuto, chifukwa ndi zotsatira zokha.
Mfundo zomwe zimatsimikizira chiphunzitso cha Raskolnikov
M'dziko lapansi, mungapeze zitsanzo zambiri pamene lingaliro loperekedwa ndi protagonist la bukuli linagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mutha kukumbukira Stalin ndi Hitler, omwe ankafuna kuyeretsa anthu osayenera komanso zomwe anthuwa anachita. Kutsimikiziridwa kwa lingaliro la Raskolnikov kumawoneka mu khalidwe la achinyamata olemera, otchedwa "majors", omwe, osamvera malamulo, anawononga miyoyo ya anthu ambiri. Gulu lomwelo, pofuna kutsimikizira lingaliro lake, limapanga kupha, koma potsirizira pake amamvetsa mantha omwe achitayo.
Malingaliro a Raskolnikov ndi kugwa kwake
Ntchitoyi imangowoneka, komanso imatsutsa mfundo zachilendo. Kuti asinthe chigamulo chake, Rodion ayenera kupirira kuzunzika kwamaganizo ndi thupi. Malingaliro a Raskolnikov ndi kugwa kwake kumachitika atatha kuona maloto, kumene anthu amaonana wina ndi mzake ndipo dziko likusowa. Kenaka akuyamba kubwezeretsa chikhulupiriro chake mwabwino. Pomaliza, amamvetsetsa kuti aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wawo, akuyenera kukhala wokondwa.
Pofotokozera momwe ziphunzitso za Raskolnikov zimatsutsidwira, ndizofunikira kunena mfundo imodzi yosavuta: chimwemwe sichimangidwe pa chigawenga. Chiwawa, ngakhale ngati n'kotheka kutero ndi zifukwa zilizonse zabwino, ndizoipa. Wamphamvuyo amavomereza kuti sanaphe mkazi wachikulire, koma anadziwononga yekha. Kugwa kwa chiphunzitso cha Raskolnikov kunkawonekere ngakhale pachiyambi pomwe iye adalonjeza, popeza sikungathe kuwonetsera kuti chiwonetsero chaumunthu chimaonekera.
Kodi lingaliro la Raskolnikov liri lero?
Ngakhale zomvetsa chisoni zingakhale zomveka, lingaliro logawanitsa anthu ku maphunziro kulipo. Moyo wamasiku ano ndi wolimba ndipo mfundo yakuti "wopulumuka kwambiri" imalimbikitsa ambiri kuchita zinthu zosagwirizana ndi makhalidwe . Ngati mukuchita kafukufuku, kodi ndani amene akukhala lero malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Raskolnikov, ndiye kuti munthu aliyense, makamaka, akhoza kutsitsa chitsanzo cha umunthu wina kuchokera ku chilengedwe chake. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikuluzikulu za nkhaniyi ndi kufunika kwa ndalama zomwe zikulamulira dziko lapansi.