Zomwe zimagwirizanitsa pamodzi ndizosamvetsetseka ndi chikhalidwe chake, zimadziwonekera kudzera m'maganizo osiyanasiyana: maloto, nthano ndi nkhani, zomwe zimachitika pazochitika, maumboni, kapena pamene munthu asankha kuchita bizinesi yatsopano ndipo manja akuwoneka kuti akuzindikira "kuchita" . Ochenjerawo molondola anati: "Mayankho onse mwa iwe!".
Lingaliro la chidziwitso chathunthu
Lingaliro la chidziwitso chathunthu chimaganiza kuti munthu aliyense ndi wonyamulira zokhudzana ndi kukula kwa chilengedwe cha mtundu wonse wa anthu. Chidziwitso chonse chimafalikira kudzera mu ubongo ndipo ndizozama kwambiri za psyche, ndipo zomwe zimadziwonetsera zimadziwonetsera kudzera m'mabuku ena a makhalidwe omwe akuphatikizidwa pakuyankha pazifukwa zina. M'kati mwazitali za chidziwitso chathunthu, osati mitundu yokhayo yaumulungu, komanso zowonongeka kwa ziweto za makolo.
Ndani adayamba kufotokozera mawu a chikumbumtima chonse?
Wolemba za lingaliro lodziwika bwino lodziwika bwino lotchuka la Swiss psychoanalyst Karl Gustav Jung, wophunzira wotchuka kwambiri ndi wotsutsana wa Freud. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawuwo anawonekera mu 1916 m'nkhani yosindikizidwa ya Jung "The Structure of the Unknown," pamene anatsindika kuti pakufufuza maloto a odwala, Freud poyamba anapeza zinthu zomwe sizichokera kwa munthu wopanda chidziwitso, koma kutsindika mfundo, chikhalidwe. Patapita K.G. Jung anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "objective psyche", ndiye "kudzimva kuti sakudziwa."
Vuto la chikumbumtima chonse
Chiphunzitso cha chikumbumtima chonse Jung adachokera ku malingaliro a "ziwonetsero zogwirizana" ndi a Levi-Bruhl a mitundu ya anthu, omwe amagwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, koma Jung anapita patsogolo pakudalira zamoyo komanso, m'madera ena, kutanthauzira kwenizeni kwa kukhalapo kwaumunthu. Zochitika zachipembedzo, kugwirizana kwachinsinsi kunayimilidwa ndi K.G. Jung ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za maganizo aumunthu, omwe amawoneka ngati zizindikiritso za chidziwitso chosiyana, mosiyana ndi Freud, yemwe sanapatse chidwi chauzimu cha munthuyo.
Zomwe munthu aliyense kapena gulu sadziwa
Lingaliro la chidziwitso cha wina ndi mnzake mwa munthu liri ndi kusiyana kosiyana. Zomwe munthu amadziŵa kuti Freud anazipeza nthawi zonse zimakhala zaumwini, zochokera kuzinthu zachibadwa za kudzipulumutsa, kubereka, zobadwa zomwe zimafalitsidwa ndi makolo. Zomwe zimagwirizana ndi anthu onse ndizofanana ndi anthu onse, zimapanga zozama kwambiri za psyche ndipo ndizofunikira kuti munthu aliyense asadziwe kanthu.
Kudziwa kwathunthu kwa Jung
Maganizo onse a Jung ali ndi mgwirizano wa archetypes, ndipo archetypes okha ndi ambiri monga momwe moyo umakhalira, mobwerezabwereza ndi okhazikika mu psyche mwa mawonekedwe osadzazidwa ndi okhutira, koma ali ndi mwayi wa mtundu wina wa malingaliro kapena zochita. Archetypes okha amavomerezedwa ngati mawonekedwe mu chikumbumtima, pamene amavomerezana nawo ndipo amawonetseredwa mu maloto, mwachindunji kulongosola kulongosola.
Makhalidwe a chikumbumtima chonse
Pofuna kumvetsetsa mtundu wa chidziwitso cha Jung, ndikofunika kupeza zofotokozera za ntchito ya psychoanalyst mwiniyo. KG Jung anafotokoza zomwe zili m'magulu onse osadalirika akudalira izi:
- adzalandira;
- ali ndi archetypes, omwe ali otsogolera ndi zitsanzo za mawonekedwe achibadwa;
- chikhalidwe chamatsenga: zomwe zili ndi zifaniziro za makhalidwe ndizofanana pakati pa anthu onse, mosasamala mtundu, ndipo izi zimapanga maziko amodzi kwa moyo wa munthu aliyense;
- zolemba;
- osati yolamulidwa ndi chifuniro .
Archetypes za chikumbumtima chonse
Jung, pa archetypes ya chidziwitso chonse, adanena kuti uwu ndi mtundu wa chithandizo kwa munthu kuti azitsatira malo omwe akunja. Anthu amamvera njira zitatu zoyendetsera khalidwe:
- chisokonezo - chikhumbo cha nkhondo;
- kulamula kapena kusalowerera ndale - mgwirizano, mgwirizano, kusunga bwino;
- mgwirizano - chikhumbo cha chitukuko, kumvetsetsa ndi kukongola m'zonse.
Pali archetypes ambiri, koma CG Jung amasiyanitsa zofunika kapena zofunika, zomwe zimatsimikizira kukhalako, njira zamakhalidwe, kugwirizana ndi dziko lapansi mwa anthu ambiri:
- Anima ndi Animus . Amuna ndi amuna amodzi mwa anthu.
- Mthunzi ndi gawo lamdima la psyche, mosamala mosamala ndi chidziwitso.
- Wopambana - amathetsa mavuto okhudzidwa ndi ngozi, amatsikira mu ndende, akugonjetsa zimbalangondo.
- Akulu wanzeru - Bambo, Animus abwino, lero K.G. Jung akhoza kutchulidwa ndi archetype iyi.
- Trickster - ndi Joker, Fool, wamatsenga wonyenga, wonyenga, koma wa mphamvu zazikulu ndi mphamvu, nthawi zonse amatha kufotokozera nkhani za Masewero.
- Munthu - momwe munthu amadziwonetsera yekha kwa anthu, "khungu loteteza" la munthu .
Kudziwa kwathunthu mwa M. Foucault
Chidziwitso cha anthu onse m'maganizo mwawo ndi chiwerengero cha archetypes, ndipo chidziwitso chokhazikika mwa nzeru ndi chikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe chosadziwika, malinga ndi Michel Foucault, katswiri wa zafilosofi ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo, woimira antipsychiatry amene adayambitsa mpando woyamba wa psychoanalytic ku France. Foucault amatanthawuza chidziwitso ngati mawu. Powerenga nthawi zosiyana, Foucault anaona kuti nthawi iliyonse pali "vuto" lomwe limapangidwa kuchokera ku zokambirana za sayansi, koma onse amapanga episteme imodzi (njira ya chidziwitso).
Episteme imapezeka muzinenero za anthu monga nthawi yeniyeni ya chinenero ndi malamulo, zikhalidwe ndi zoletsedwa, mosadziŵa kufotokoza khalidwe ndi kulingalira khalidwe la nthawi yopangidwa kupanga imodzi yokha yopanda chidziwitso. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, M. Foucault amadana ndi anthu omwe ali kunja kwa "anthu osagwirizana ndi anthu" omwe amaganiza, ojambula, amisala omwe angathe kuthetsa epiconstruction.
Chisamaliro chonse - zitsanzo
Kudziwa kwathunthu - zitsanzo za moyo zingapezeke pofufuza khalidwe la anthu omwe ali m'gulu la anthu, ndipo pano chidziwitso chophatikizana kapena chachinsinsi chimadziwonetsera mwa mitundu iwiri ya makhalidwe:
- Kuphatikiza machitidwe a misa - gululi limakhala limodzi lonse chifukwa cha matenda omwe ali ndi malingaliro omwewo, malingaliro - monga momwe zimachitikira pamsonkhanowo pamene gulu la anthu likulimbana ndi ufulu wawo, kapena ndi gulu la anthu otentheka mu chikhalidwe chonse cha chisangalalo.
- Kusiyanitsa khalidwe lachidziwitso - apa chidziwitso chophatikizana chimachita monga "kufesa" mantha ndi chisokonezo. Anthu amakhumudwa kwambiri, ndipo njira zamakhalidwe zomwe sizikudziwikiratu zimagwira ntchito pamtunda, anthu amachita molakwika - kunja zimawoneka ngati munthu sakuzindikira khalidwe lake.
Chitsanzo cha matenda okhudza matenda a maganizo K.G. Achinyamata. Mmodzi mwa odwala adakhudzidwa ndi gulu la Mpulumutsiyo ndipo adamuitana dokotala kuti ayang'ane naye dzuwa kuti aganizire kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndipo ngati mutayesa kugwedeza mutu wanu mbali ndi mbali, phallus idzasuntha, ndikupanga mphepo. Mu 1910, Jung, wophunzira nthano, anapeza kufotokozera za liturgy zakale za chipembedzo cha Mithras, chomwe chinalongosola masomphenya a chubu la dzuwa kuunika kumene kumapangitsa mphepo. Kufanana pakati pa malongosoledwe amenewa ndiwowonekera, ndipo muzodziwitsa wodwala kuchokera ku nthawi zonse zodziwika zam'tsogolo zadzutsa.