Maganizo ndi mtundu wa zinthu ndi zochitika zenizeni. Apa ntchito yofunikira imasewera ndi zaka za munthu wodziwa. Kuzindikira kumathandiza kupanga chifaniziro chonse cha phunziroli. Mu psychology, chodabwitsa ichi chimakulolani kuti mudziwe momwe munthu amaonera mkhalidwewo ndi zifukwa zomwe amachokera pakuyankhula ndi dziko lozungulira.
Kodi kuzindikira ndi chiyani?
Kuzindikira ndikumvetsetsa komwe kumathandiza kupanga mapangidwe a munthu pa dziko lapansi. Kuzindikira ndi chisonyezero cha chinthu chodabwitsa kapena chinthu, ndicho chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha psyche yaumunthu . Ntchito yotereyi imapezeka kudzera mu ziwalo zogwiritsidwa ntchito popangidwira chifaniziro chopangidwa ndi munthu payekha. Zimakhudza analyzers ndi mndandanda wonse wa zokhudzidwa.
Kuzindikira ndi nkhani yotchuka ya kufufuza kwa maganizo. Mmawu osavuta, kufotokozera koteroko kumatanthauza kumvetsetsa, kuzindikira, mapangidwe mu chidziwitso cha chifaniziro chonse cha zochitika zina. Kuzindikira sikungakhalepo popanda zosiyana, koma ndi njira yosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mumangomva phokoso, kapena mvetserani mwatcheru, mungathe kuwona kapena kuyang'ana mwachidwi, penyani.
Mitundu ya kuzindikira
Malingana ndi ziwalo za malingaliro, lingaliro lingakhale:
- Kuwonetsa . Kusuntha kwa diso la munthu ndi spasmodic, kotero munthu amachita zinthu zomwe analandira. Koma ikadzatha, ndondomeko yowonekera ikuyamba. Maganizo oterewa amakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zakale zomwe zinapangidwa kale. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu akuzoloŵera kuwerenga nthawi zonse ndi maso ake, zimakhala zovuta kuti aphunzire kuphunzira mozama nkhaniyo mtsogolomu. Iye sangayang'ane ndime zazikulu za mndandanda, ndiyeno pamene chisankho chikuyankhidwa, sizinali konse mu bukhu.
- Tactile . Ntchitoyi imayambitsa kusintha, kuyendetsa ndi kukonza kayendedwe ka manja. Maganizo oterewa amachokera ku tactile, kutentha ndi kinetic sensations. Koma chiwalo cha lingaliro pa nkhani iyi ndi dzanja lomwe limathandiza kudziwitsa munthu aliyense zizindikiro za chinthucho ndi chithandizo cha kumverera.
- Auditory . Poganizira za anthu, malo ofunikira amakhala ndi ma pulogalamu komanso nyimbo. Khutu laumunthu, mosiyana ndi chinyama, ndi lovuta kwambiri, lolemera komanso lamtundu wambiri. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kumagwiritsa ntchito magalimoto, koma gawoli ndilopatalikirana ndipadera. Mwachitsanzo, kuyimba ndi liwu lakumvetsera nyimbo komanso kumvetsera mawu.
Kuwonjezera pa mitundu yapamwambayi ya malingaliro, palinso zina ziwiri zomwe chidziwitso sichisonyezedwa kupyolera mu mphamvu, koma kupyolera kumvetsetsa:
- Malo, maulendo, kutalika, machitidwe a zinthu zomwe zimachokera kwa ife komanso kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake.
- Nthawi ndi nthawi, zofulumira komanso zochitika zochitika. Munthu aliyense ali ndi mawonekedwe ake omwe, omwe sagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyimbo ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndipo kuti munthu akhoze kuzindikira chiganizo chimenechi, amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zowonjezera ndi zowonjezera.
Lamulo la kulingalira
Kuzindikira ndi kuwonetseratu mwachidwi kwa chinthu kapena chodabwitsa. Kuyankhulana monga kulingalira ndi njira ya chiyambi chake, chifukwa njira iliyonse yolankhulirana imayamba ndi malingaliro a anthu wina ndi mzake. Ndipo ndondomeko ya kulingalira, malinga ndi malamulo a malingaliro a chikhalidwe, imamangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a ziweruzo za chinthucho. Katswiri wa zamaganizo wotchuka NN Lange anapanga lamulo lapadera la kulingalira, malingana ndi momwe lingaliro ndi kusintha kofulumira kwa lingaliro linalake lachidziwitso cha chinthu china chonchi.
Malingaliro mu filosofi
Malingaliro mu filosofi ndi kumvetsetsa mwachidziwitso, kuwonekera kwa zinthu mu chidziwitso kupyolera mu mphamvu. Lingaliro ili liri ndi magulu angapo:
- Malingaliro apakati, omwe munthu amadziŵa kumene ali ndi miyendo yake, akukhala kapena amaimirira, amatsutsidwa, amva njala kapena amatopa.
- Lingaliro la kunja, pa masomphenya, kumva, kugwira, kununkhiza, kulawa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Maganizo osokonezeka, omwe amadziwonetsera kudzera mukumverera kapena caprice.
Kodi lingaliro lotani mu maganizo?
Kuzindikira mu psychology ndi ntchito yamaganizo ya kuzindikira. Mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro oterowo, munthu akhoza kupanga fanizo lonse la chinthucho. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kusinkhasinkha uku kwachidziwitso ndiwonetsedwe kodziwika komwe kamapangidwa ndi:
- cholimbikitsa;
- kukonza;
- chidziwitso;
- zizindikiro za umunthu;
- kudziwa za dziko kudzera mu ndende yakumvetsetsa "I".
Malingaliro a Pagulu
Maganizo a anthu ndikumvetsetsa kwathunthu kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe. Amaphunzira khalidwe labwino pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a chitukuko. Kuti athe kumvetsetsa ndi kumvetsetsa munthu wina, pali njira zina zowunikira anthu, amaimiridwa:
- chidziwitso, pamene munthu ayamba kukhala ndi makhalidwe, mwanjira yakuti, mwa lingaliro lake, interlocutor ake akhoza kuchita;
- kumvetsa chisoni , pamene munthu amasindikiza maganizo a interlocutor;
- chokopa chomwe chimadziwonetsera mwa chikondi kapena ubwenzi;
- kufotokoza, pamene munthu ayamba kudziwona yekha kudzera mwa interlocutor;
- kusinthana, pamene munthu amadziwa kuti wothandizana naye monga mbali ya chikhalidwe, dera;
- kuchitapo kanthu, pamene munthu ali ndi makhalidwe ena malinga ndi zochita zake.
Magulu osiyana siyana a malingaliro
Zotsatira za malingaliro ndizochitika zina zomwe zimapewa malingaliro oyenera a wina ndi mzake ndi abwenzi. Mu sayansi iwo amaimiridwa:
- Ulemu, umene umawonetseredwa mukakumana;
- zatsopano, zomwe zimaonekera pakuwonekera kwa chidziwitso chatsopano chofunikira;
- halo, yomwe imawonetseredwa pamene ikuwongolera makhalidwe abwino kapena oipa a mnzanuyo.