Nkhaka matenda ndi mankhwala - malangizo othandiza kwa wamaluwa

Zimakhala zovuta kupeza alimi ogalimoto omwe samakula nkhaka. Chomera sichitenga kulengedwa kwapadera, koma nthawi zambiri ndi chisamaliro chosayenera ndi kusagwirizana ndi zizindikiro za kukula kwa mavuto. Muyenera kudziwa matenda a nkhaka ndi mankhwala awo kuti asonkhanitse mbewu zobiriwira.

Nkhaka matenda ndi ulamuliro

Ogorodnikam amadziwa zambiri matenda, amene ali pansi masamba mbewu. Ndikofunika kuzindikira zizindikiro za vutoli mwamsanga, popeza limatsimikizira momwe zingakhazikitsire. Akatswiri amalangiza kuti ayende tchire tsiku ndi tsiku kuti adziwe zosinthika.

Nkhaka Anthracnose

Mbewu ya masamba yomwe imakula kumalo otseguka nthawi zambiri imayambitsidwa ndi anthracnose (uchi). Tchire mu wowonjezera kutentha ukhozanso kudwala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chinyezi. Bowa limatengedwa ndi tizilombo. Ndikofunika kudziŵa zizindikiro zomwe zingagwiritse ntchito matendawa: mabala a bulauni amaonekera, patapita nthawi masamba amasanduka chikasu ndipo zimayambira, ndipo zipatso zimakula pang'ono ndi zofooka.

1. Kuletsa kufalikira ndi kukula kwa matendawa, kuchepetsa chinyezi mu wowonjezera kutentha. Kubzala kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi fungicides, mwachitsanzo, "Quadrice" kapena "Abiga-Peak".
2. Mungathe kuthana ndi vutoli pakamwa madzi kapena mbande ndi njira yothetsera Bordeaux osakaniza ndi 1%. Choyamba, tsanulirani dothi lambiri, ndiyeno mugwiritse ntchito madzi okwanira kuti muzitsatira rootlets ndi m'munsi mwa zimayambira. Pa chitsamba chilichonse ayenera kukhala 1 lita imodzi ya madzi.
3. Pofuna kupewa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, muyenera kuchotsa mwamsanga zitsamba za mbeu, kulima mozama ndi kusamalira mbewu musanafese. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera "Tiram" pofuna kuteteza matenda ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kodi kuthana ndi powdery mildew nkhaka?

Chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa ndi kutentha kwa mpweya, kuchepa kwachinyezi komanso kusintha kwa zizindikiro izi. Kupeza powdery mildew n'zotheka ndi kukhudza mtundu woyera pa chitsamba. Pakapita kanthawi, masamba amatha, fruiting amasiya, ndipo zipatso zatsopano zimayamba kukula. Ndikofunika kudziwa matenda a nkhaka ndi mankhwala, komanso njira zothandizira:

1. Powulula zizindikiro zoyamba, pangani msanga tchire pogwiritsa ntchito fungicides, mwachitsanzo, Topsin kapena Bayleton. Ngati mankhwala a nkhaka sakuthandizira powdery mildew, ndiye kukonkha kumafunika kubwerezedwa.
2. Monga katetezo mu kugwa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mwa kuchiza malo onse ndi Formalin.

Peronosporosis wa nkhaka

Dzina lina lofala la matendawa ndi downy mildew. Amapezeka nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha chinyezi chachikulu. Kuonjezerapo, mbewuzi zimatha kuyamba kudwala ndi peronosporosis , ndipo ngakhale matendawa akhoza kubisala m'masamba akale. Vutoli limangowoneka pa masamba okha, pomwe mawanga a chikasu amaonekera, ndipo pamunsi mwawo munthu amatha kuona chikho cha imvi. Chithandizo chikuchitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana:

1. Ngati zizindikiro za peronosporosis zimapezeka, chithandizo cha nkhaka ndi mankhwala amtunduwu chikhoza kupangidwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi yankho lokonzekera pamaziko a hydrated laimu ndi mkuwa sulphate. Sakanizani 100 g zonsezi ndi kuchepetsa kusakaniza mu malita 10 a madzi. Kutaya nthawi ya maluwa. Chonde onani kuti pakati pa ndondomeko ndi kukolola ayenera kudutsa osachepera sabata.
2. Kumayambiriro koyamba, mukhoza kufalitsa kubzala ndi "Quadrice" kapena "Strobi".

White zowola pa nkhaka

Matenda wamba omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri pamene akulima ndiwo zamasamba. Kuzungulira kungakhudze mbali zonse za zomera, komanso zipatso. Vuto nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi kutentha kwa nthaka ndi mpweya. Zizindikiro za zovunda zoyera zimaphatikizapo: maonekedwe a madontho amvula, omwe amatha kupitilira kumalo amtundu wofanana ndi mawonekedwe a ubweya wa thonje, mapangidwe a ntchentche, ndipo kupyolera nthawi nthawi zonse ziwalo zimayamba kufa. Kuphunzira matenda a nkhaka ndi kumenyana nawo, ndikofunikira kulingalira malamulo awa pambali pa kuvunda koyera:

1. Ngati mutapeza zizindikiro zoyamba za vutoli, lekani kuthirira ndipo musagwiritsire ntchito fetereza kwa pafupifupi sabata. Chotsani masamba omwe akukhudzidwa ndikutsatirani mavuto ndi chisakanizo cha choko ndi potaziyamu permanganate ndi kuwonjezera madzi pang'ono.
2. Pofuna kuthetsa matenda, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothetsera antiseptics, mwachitsanzo, "Topaz" kapena "Oxychium". Chonde dziwani kuti yankholo liyenera kukhala lotentha. Pambuyo pa ndondomekoyi, tikulimbikitsanso kuti tizimitsa wowonjezera kutentha.
3. Mwa njira zamakono zochiritsira, njira yothetsera imatulutsidwa, yomwe imayambitsana ndi madzi pafupifupi 3: 7. Kuti zitheke bwino, zikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera supuni 1 ya mkuwa sulphate 10 malita a yankho.

Mosaic pa nkhaka

Matenda omwe amapezeka ndi mavairasi omwe amadziwika ndi maonekedwe a masamba komanso maonekedwe a mawanga. Pakapita kanthawi iwo atakulungidwa, kukula kwa mbeu kumatha ndipo chiwerengero cha maluwa chikuchepa. Kawirikawiri kapena kasupe wamakono pa nkhaka nthawi zina amawonetseredwa ndi kuphulika kwa tsinde. Nkhondoyo ikuchitika motsatira njira zoterezi:

1. Pofuna kuthana ndi kachilomboka, manyowa amapanga zotsalira za mbewu kwa miyezi iwiri.
2. Ndikofunika kusunga ukhondo wa malowa ndi kuchotsa namsongole. Gwiritsani ntchito magawo osungunulira kapena ma compost.
3. Pa nthawi ya zomera amalimbikitsidwa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi 3% yothetsera "Farmayoda-3", poganizira kuti pa hekita iliyonse payenera kukhala 0,3 makilogalamu a yankho.

Kuwonongeka kwa mizu ya nkhaka

Vuto lomwelo ndilofala ndipo limadziwonetsera pakakhala nyengo yotentha (pansi pa 15 ° C ndi pamwamba pa 29 ° C). Matendawa amapezeka mukamwetsa tchire ndi madzi ozizira, kubzala mbewu zapachaka pa malo amodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ambiri. Kawirikawiri kukula kwa matendawa kumachitika m'nyengo yachisanu. Zizindikiro za matendawa ndi mtundu wa bulauni wa mizu ndi mizu, chikasu cha masamba, kupukuta mazira ndi alopecia baka. Kupyolera nthawi, tchire zimafota ndipo zimauma.

Pofuna kuthana ndi mizu ya nkhaka, njira yosavuta ndi yofunika. Choyamba, kuchotsani dziko kuchoka ku zimayambira ndi fosholo, ingochitani zonse mosamala kuti musawononge mizu. Zowonongeka, perekani ndi yankho la mkuwa wa sulfate, kuwonjezera supuni 1 mu 500 ml ya madzi, komanso kuika supuni 3. makapu a phulusa. Ngati izi sizinathandize, chitsamba chiyenera kukumba ndikuwotchedwa.

Gray kuvunda pa nkhaka

Izi ndi matenda a bakiteriya omwe amayamba ndi mizu ndikupita ku chipatso. Grey kuvunda kumaoneka ndi kutentha kwakukulu kusintha, kuthirira tchire ndi madzi ozizira, kusowa kwa kayendedwe ka mbewu, mkulu chinyezi, kugwiritsa ntchito buku lalikulu la feteleza ndi osawuka mpweya wa wowonjezera kutentha. Pali malamulo angapo okhudza chithandizo ndi kupewa matendawa:

1. Masamba okhudzidwa amayenera kudulidwa, ndipo ngati zowola zadutsa pa tsinde, perekani madera omwe ali ndi laimu kapena phulusa-choko. Ikani malasha odulidwa kudulidwa.
2. Ngati zowola zimapezeka pa nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena pamabedi panja, ndiye kutsirira kuyenera kuyimitsidwa.
3. Mu malo ogulitsira, mungagule zinthu zopangidwa mwakonzedwe kuti muchotse matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha bakiteriya, mwachitsanzo, "Zaslon", "Bayleton" kapena "Rovral."
4. Kwa njira zolimbana ndi bolsznen zimaphatikizapo kusakaniza kouma, komwe kumaphatikizapo 1 tbsp. choko ndi phulusa ndi supuni 1 ya mkuwa wa sulfate. Komabe n'zotheka kukonzekera madzi osakaniza osakaniza, kutulutsa ufa m'madzi mwa chiwerengero cha 1: 1.

Cladosporium nkhaka

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa matenda owopsa kwambiri, omwe amachitchedwanso kuti maolivi otumbululuka. Kwa zizindikiro zake zoyamba zimakhala ndi zilonda zamvula zofiira, zomwe siziwonetsedwa osati kuthengo, komanso zipatso. Kladosporiosis wa nkhaka amapezeka panthawi yamadzi, kuthirira madzi ozizira, kutentha kwa mpweya ndi nthaka ya chinyezi. Dziwani kuti matendawa amatha masiku asanu ndi limodzi (6-8) kuti awononge mbewu zonse ndi zomera okha. Pitirizani kuphunzira matenda a nkhaka ndi mankhwala awo oyenera, ndi bwino kumvetsera molimbana ndi cadaveriasis:

1. Kwa sabata muyenera kusiya kuthirira. Pa masiku otentha, onetsetsani kuti mutha kutenthetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira, yatsala, kuti kutentha sikugwa.
2. Pamene zizindikiro zoyamba zikuwoneka, ndibwino kuti mupange chithandizo ndi mankhwala "Oxihom", poganizira kuti 10 malita a madzi amafunika 20 g.Ukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito 1% njira ya madzi a Bordian.

Bacteriosis wa nkhaka

Matenda a bakiteriya amafalikira pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi chinyezi chokwanira. Pa zomera zazing'ono, mawanga amodzi amaoneka ndipo ntchentche imawonedwa. Pakapita nthawi, madonthowo amauma, masambawo amatha kupindika ndi kuphulika, ndipo kukula kwa mphukira kumachepetsanso. Nkhaka zipatso zophimbidwa ndi madontho, amataya mawonekedwe ake ndi kukoma. Kumvetsetsa matenda a nkhaka ndi mankhwala awo, m'pofunika kukhalabe pa nkhondo ndi kupewa bacteriosis:

1. Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi momwe angakhalire ndi nkhaka ku matenda, akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okonzekera, kotero zotsatira zabwino zimaperekedwa ndi fungicides, mwachitsanzo, Kuproksat ndi Phytolavin. Ngati tchire chikukhudzidwa kwambiri, ndiye kuti ndibwino kuti achotsedwe ndi kuwotchedwa.
2. Kuteteza bacterioses kupopera tchire ndi kulowetsedwa kwa peeled anyezi. Tengani mtsuko wa lita imodzi ndipo mwamphamvu mudzaze ndi mankhusu, tsitsani madzi otentha ndikuumirira masiku awiri. Pambuyo pa izi, sungani ndi kutulutsa nkhumba, ndipo pitirizani kulowetsedwa ndi madzi mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 5. Kutaya madzulo masiku khumi ndi awiri.

Nkhaka tsinde lovunda - mankhwala

Nthendayi imatchedwanso ascochitis kapena nyesi phesi yovunda, yomwe nthawi zambiri imawoneka pamene ikukula nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena wowonjezera kutentha. Kupeza kuti matenda a nkhaka ndi mankhwala otani, muyenera kumvetsera ndi zizindikiro, kotero, kukhalapo kwa mbola kumatsimikiziridwa ndi: mawanga omwe poyamba amawoneka ofiira, ndiyeno, mdima woyera, madontho wakuda kumadera onse a kuthengo, masamba owuma, ndi zipatso zilonda ndi dzimbiri zimawonedwa kapena zimakhala zochepa. Kawirikawiri, imvi imawoneka kumayambiriro a nyengo yachisanu yomwe imakhala ndi kuwala kwapamwamba komanso sichikuwomba.

Pali malamulo angapo okhudzana ndi mankhwala ovunda:

1. Chithandizo cha nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha kuchokera ku matenda ayenera kuchitidwa ndi Bordeaux madzi 1%, mkuwa sulfate (5 g pa 10 malita a madzi) ndi Kuwonjezera wa urea (10 g pa 10 malita a madzi).
2. Pochotseratu matenda a nkhaka pa tsinde, muziwotcha ndi mkuwa-choko ufa, kusakaniza choko ndi mkuwa sulphate mofanana.

Matenda a nkhaka - kangaude mite

Chimodzi mwa tizirombo tomwe timayamba kwambiri popanga masamba, ponseponse komanso mu wowonjezera kutentha. Nkhumba ya kangaude imakhala pansi pa tsamba ndikudyetsa madzi a zomera. Patapita kanthawi mukhoza kuona mawanga ndi mabubu. Mwamsanga yeretsani matenda ndi tizirombo ta nkhaka zingakhale, ngati muwona vuto panthawi yoyambirira, nthawi zonse yesani tchire. Pali njira zingapo zowonetsera tizilombo:

1. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito "Flumeit" kapena "Envidor". Atumikiwa amapereka chitetezo chokwanira ndipo sagonjetsedwa. Fukani mankhwalawa mu masiku 3-5 mpaka vuto lisathe.
2. Pakati pa anthu ambiri mankhwala amachiritsidwa masamba ndi njira yothetsera sopo. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito tincture yarrow, celandine ndi dandelion.

Nkhaka - kupewa matenda

Pali malangizo ambiri omwe angathandize kupewa matenda ambiri:

1. Gwiritsani ntchito mbewu zokhazokha, zomwe ziyenera kutsatiridwa, mwachitsanzo, mu njira yothetsera potassium permanganate.
2. Pofuna kuti asakhale ndi matenda a nkhaka kumalo otseguka, nthaka yokha ndi nthaka yokonzedwa bwino.
3. Onetsetsani kuti muchotse pamabedi a zomera zatsalira ndi namsongole. Ndikofunika kutentha zonse kunja kwa malo.
4. Mukamabzala ndiwo zamasamba, onetsetsani kuti mukusinthasintha mbewu.