M'mamasulira azinthu zamakono, autarky ndi njira yotsekedwa, yotsogozedwa mkati, ndi kudalira kwakukulu ku malo akunja - i.e. ulamuliro wonse. Lingaliro losiyana ndilo lotseguka kwathunthu, kudalira chilengedwe.
Kodi autarky ndi chiyani?
Autarky - lingaliro ili, monga ena ambiri, linachokera ku Greece wakale. Poyamba, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu awa, amadziwika ndi munthu amene safuna thandizo komanso amapereka zinthu zina. Autarky nthawi zina amasokonezeka ndi autocracy, koma izi ndizosiyana ndipo yachiwiri zimatanthauza mphamvu zopanda malire za munthu mmodzi. M'mawu ake a zamalonda, autarkyism ndiyomwe yakhazikitsidwa pa chuma, mwachitsanzo, ngati njira yolimbana ndi kugawidwa kwa madera azachuma.
Kodi nchiyani chodziwikiratu mu filosofi?
Kuthamangitsidwa mufilosofi kumatanthauza chilengedwe, kudzilungamitsa, kuleza mtima - zikhalidwe zonsezi zikhoza kudziwika ndi Greece Homeric. Mawu akuti autarchy anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Aristotle ndi Neoplatonists kutchula gulu la mafilosofi, monga:
- "Munthu yekha";
- winawake kapena chinachake, chokhoza kupulumutsa moyo, kupereka moyo wodziimira ndi kuteteza ku chiwonongeko.
Kuwonjezera apo, mawuwo akusintha ndipo akukumana ndi akatswiri afilosofi mu kutchulidwa kwa umunthu zomwe Plotinus, Proclus ndi ena adanena kuti:
- "Thupi la Autarchic";
- "Thupi lapadera la chilengedwe";
- "Thupi lodziwika la zakumwamba".
Democritus amakumana ndiyake pa chikhalidwe, kudzichepetsa, chirengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, "chakudya chokwanira" ndi chosiyana ndi phwando lapamwamba, lopanda malire. Kutsika kwa njira ya moyo mu mbali yachilendo ndi udzu wa zinyalala ndi mkate wathyathyathya wa balere, zomwe zakhutiritsa kukwaniritsa njala ndi kutopa. Ulamuliro wa demokalase mu Democritus ndi chinthu chomwe chimatsimikizira zosowa za thupi, koma zimapangitsa kukula kwa "kusalabadira", "moyo wabwino".
Ku Plato, autarky ali ndi chiyambi chosiyana - izi siziri zosachepera, koma ndipamwamba. Malingana ndi katswiri wa filosofi uyu, autarkic cosmos ndi "mulungu wamoyo", iye sangawonongeke ndipo sasowa kanthu, moyo wake umayenda paliponse, umaphatikizapo chirichonse ndikudzidziwa yekha. Pambuyo pake, tanthawuzoli la autarky likupitirirabe mu zolemba za afilosofi ndi azamulungu achikhristu. Autarky ndi gawo la Mulungu, uzimu, nzeru.
Makhalidwe azachuma
Autarky mu chuma ndi lingaliro lomwe limadziwika kuti chuma chobisika chinatsogoleredwa mkati. Kukhutira ndi kudzipereka kwathunthu ndizo zizindikiro zazikulu za dziko lodziwika bwino, lomwe makamaka mayiko akuluakulu amagwiritsa ntchito. M'zaka za zana la 21 zikhalidwe zotero za boma sizingatheke, ngakhale mabungwe otseka kwambiri ndi mayiko ali ndi mgwirizano ndi mayiko ena.
Autarky ndi chuma chotseguka
Kutsegula chuma kapena kutsika - maboma amasiku ano alibe kale chisankho chotero. Avtarkizm ikhoza kokha kumadera ena. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ena samangotengera zakudya zogulitsa kunja, kupanga malo otsekedwa mu gawo lino lopanga, zomwe zimapindulitsa pa chitukuko cha minda ya dziko lino. Mayiko ang'onoang'ono sangathe kuthandizira, sungapereke anthu ndi chilichonse chofunikira.
Avtarkia - ubwino ndi chiwonongeko
Mfundo ya autarky ndi yomwe ili kumpoto kwa Korea, koma ngakhale dziko lino likukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chuma cha dziko lapansi. Kudzikwanitsa koteroko (kwa kanthawi kochepa) kuli ndi phindu lopangika, chifukwa anthu akukakamizidwa kupeza zokhazokha zomwe zimapangidwa pakhomopo, kotero kufunika kwa katundu nthawi zonse kumakhala kotsika. Kupatula kwa njira yotereyi kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zonsezi, popeza palibe chomwe chingagulidwe kupatula katundu omwe anapanga.
Autarky mu chuma cha padziko lonse
Akatswiri a zachuma awonetsetsa kuti kuyendayenda kumawononga kwambiri chuma cha dziko ndi anthu ake. Lamulo ladzidzidzi ngati ulamuliro wa zachuma m'dzikoli likuganiziridwa pa zitsanzo zingapo zomwe zimatsimikizira chiphunzitso ichi.
- USSR - ulamuliro wa nthawi yaitali wa dzikoli unachititsa kuti dziko liziyenda bwino, choncho mphamvu yayikulu lero ndi yaikulu chabe yopezera mphamvu zamagetsi. Autarky idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi boma monga chitetezo ku zovuta zakunja.
- Germany, Japan, Italy - mayiko awa pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse amagwiritsa ntchito autarky njira yowonjezeranso kugawidwa kwa dziko, komanso kulimbitsa mphamvu pa anthu. Ndondomeko yodzikweza inafotokozedwa mu nkhondo ya chuma.
- Ku Afghanistan, ulamuliro wa autarchy unayamba kulamulira kuyambira 1996 mpaka 2001 mu ulamuliro wa Taliban.
- USA - dzikoli linali pafupi ndi mfundo zapadera kuyambira 1807 mpaka 1809 panthawiyi, Purezidenti Jefferson atadziwika kuti ndi wodzipereka.
- Austria-Hungary inatsatilapo kuyambira 1867 mpaka 1918. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chabwino chokha, popeza ulamuliro unali wachibadwa, ndipo dziko silinadalire msika wa mdziko.