Wofilosofi Wachijeremani wotchuka wa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu - Arthur Schopenhauer anakhulupirira kuti chidzakhala chinthu chofunikira ndi padziko lapansi chiri paliponse. Chidziwitso chidzaonekera pa mbali zonse za moyo: korona wa mtengo ukufikira kuwala, udzu umapyola mu-asphalt, munthu amayesetsa kudzidziwa yekha ndi kudzizindikira yekha. Lingaliro la kudzipereka, nthawi zambiri limawoneka ndi malingaliro oipa chifukwa cha kupembedza khungu panthawi yoyenera kulamulira payekha, kuyambira ndi mbiri ya dziko lakale (mafarao a Aigupto, mafumu a ku Babulo ndi ansembe) ndi kutha ndi mbiri yakale (A. Hitler, B. Mussolini, N. S. Khrushchev, LI Brezhnev).
Kodi kudzipereka kumatanthauzanji?
Mawu akuti voluntarism amachokera ku Latin Voluntas - ufulu, chifuniro. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawuwo anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu F.Tennis kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Kodi kudzipereka kumatanthauzanji - zochita m'mbali zonse za moyo, kuphatikizapo ndale, moyo waumphawi - wochokera kuumwini wovomerezeka, chifuniro chake ndi kunyalanyaza zofuna za munthuyo.
Kodi kudzipereka - funso ili ndi maonekedwe ake likugwirizana ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a sayansi. Kugwirizanitsa zoyendetsa chinthu ndi chifuniro, mosiyana ndi nzeru. Kunyalanyaza zolingazi kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu kwa anthu komanso dziko lonse. Mawuwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzandale, mafilosofi ndi maganizo.
Voluntarism mu filosofi
Voluntarism mu filosofi ndi njira yabwino yomwe imapereka udindo waukulu kwa anthu kapena chifuniro cha Mulungu pakukula kwa anthu, chikhalidwe ndi kukhala kwathunthu. Omwe anayambitsa panopa anali akatswiri ndi akatswiri afilosofi: Augustine, F. Nietzsche, A. Bergson, A. Schopenhauer, I. Skott, E. Gartman. Potsata malingaliro - filosofi yopereka chidziwitso chimasonyeza nkhondo ya munthu kapena chilengedwe ndi zochitika. Mu A. Schopenhauer kudzipereka kumaphatikizana kwambiri ndi kukhumudwa. Mchitidwe wa dziko wa Wachifilosofi, wochokera pa gwero la akhungu ndi wopanda chidziwitso, adzawoneke kukhala wopanda pake.
Voluntarism mu Psychology
Adzatero, monga mphamvu ya cosmic, yomwe imayambitsa njira zonse zamaganizo za munthu. Kuwonjezera pa chikhalidwe cha filosofi - psychologyalysis ya Freud, psychology of CG Jung). Wothandizira kudzipereka, katswiri wa zamaganizo W. W. W. Wundt ankakhulupirira kuti ntchito yaumunthuyo ndiwonetsetsa kwambiri pazomwekuchitika.
Kodi kudzifunira maganizo mu maganizo akuimira chiyani? Akatswiri a zamaganizo a kumadzulo a zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi oyambirira (G. Munsterberg, W. James) adatanthauzira kuti chifunirochi ndicho chachikulu pa ntchito za maganizo. Voluntarism monga kutanthauzira zotsatira za mphamvu yapadera yopanda nzeru, makamaka mphamvu yopanda chidziwitso kapena mphamvu, yomwe imayambitsa makhalidwe a munthu ndi kumayambitsa zochita zake.
Voluntarism mu Socialology
Kodi kudzikonda kumakhala kotani? Akatswiri a zaumulungu, monga sayansi, amaphunzira zinthu zambiri pa chitukuko cha anthu komanso munthu aliyense. Lingaliro la kudzipereka limalingaliridwa mu phunziro la chikhalidwe cha anthu cha makhalidwe a anthu ndi nthawi zonse. Kafufuzidwe za zolinga ndi zolinga za anthu, zomwe ziri mwaufulu komanso mwachindunji. Kuzindikira kwa zofunidwa pa nkhaniyi sikuchokera pa zovuta komanso sizikuganizira zotsatira zake.
Wodzipereka - ndani uyu?
Mawu otchuka a Sun King Louis XIV: Dziko ndi ine! amaimira wolamulira wa France ngati wodzipereka. Mbiri yakalekale kuyambira lero imapereka zitsanzo zambiri za chiwonongeko cha malingaliro odzikonda. Wodzifunira, mwachifuniro chake chofuna kuzindikira chomwe akufuna, amakhulupirira kuti kumutsatira kumapindulitsa aliyense. Njira iliyonse ndi yabwino kuti mukwaniritse. Makhalidwe a munthu wodzipereka panthaŵi imodzimodzi adatamanda, akuwuka - chodabwitsa ichi chodziwika kuti chikhalidwe cha umunthu chinawonetseredwa momveka bwino m'zaka za m'ma 2000. Odzidziwika bwino:
- Caligula - wotchuka wachiroma mfumu - wolamulira wankhanza. Awononga dzikoli. Anayankha kugwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo za m'nyanja monga ndalama.
- Louis XIV - analankhula mawu akuti: Pambuyo pathu, ngakhale chigumula! Chilakolako chokhala ndi zosangalatsa, zosangalatsa - zinasokoneza chuma ndipo chinatsogolera France kuchepa.
- N.S. Khrushchev - kupambana kosalephereka kwa malo osalowera, chikhumbo chofikira ndi kupambana ndi US, kumangidwe kwa Wall Berlin.
Voluntarism ndi fatalism
Mfundo za kudzipereka ndizosiyana ndi zowonongeka, ndipo ngati kudzipereka kumatenga malo oyamba ku chifuniro, ndiye kuti mafuta ali ndi chikhulupiliro muzinthu zonse zakonzedweratu. Anthu opatsirana mwadzidzidzi ndi anthu omwe sadziwa kuti amachita nawo ntchito yolenga ndi udindo waukulu woperekedwa kwa milungu ndi cholinga. Zowonongeka ndi Voluntarism - zochitika zapadziko lonse zinachokera ku zikhulupiriro zongopeka ndi filosofi.