N'kwachibadwa kuti munthu aphunzire dziko lino, kuti aphatikizidwe mu chidziwitso muzinthu zambiri kuti amvetsetse zomwe zilipo. Mphamvu ndi chodabwitsa cha "chidwi" cha malingaliro otsogolera pa chinthu chenicheni cha kuzindikira. Mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu psychology, filosofi, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo.
Cholinga - ndi chiyani?
Cholinga ndi (ndi cholinga cha Chilatini - chikhumbo, cholinga) - cholinga cha munthu kuganizira cholinga cha kudziwa chinthu kapena chinthu. Cholinga ndi chosiyana ndi zikhumbo, zomwe zimakopeka ndi moyo chifukwa izi ndizochita ndi zosankha mogwirizana ndi dongosolo lomwe analinganiza. Kuzindikira chidziwitso ndi malo omwe amapezeka mu psyche, akuthandizira kuzindikira dziko, kupeza ubale ndi zinthu ndi zozizwitsa.
Cholinga cha Psychology
Psychology ndi sayansi yomwe yabwera kuchokera ku filosofi ndipo ikupitiriza kugawana nayo zambiri za mfundo zazikulu. Kuwonjezeka mu maganizo ndizozizwitsa zamaganizo za kuyika kapena kulingalira pa phunziro linalake. Kuphunzira zenizeni zakunja, munthu amalinganiza izi ndi zochitika zake zamkati ndi malingaliro, kumanga unansi wa maubwenzi ndi dziko lapansi. Franz Brétano, katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku Austria ndi filosofi wa zaka za XIX. kufufuza zozizwitsa za cholinga, adasankha mfundo izi:
- Chidziwitso nthawi zonse chiri chokhudzana ndi chochitika chilichonse kapena cholingalira.
- Kumvetsetsa kwa phunziroli kumachitika pamtundu wamalingaliro, mwa mawonekedwe a kukumbukira chidziwitso chodzidzimutsa pa chinthucho ndi chowonadi chenicheni, ndi kuyerekezera ndi axioms omwe amavomerezedwa.
- Kutsiliza: umunthu wamkati mkati mwa chiwonetsero cha chinthu chodabwitsa kapena chinthu chiri chowonadi kuposa chakunja, kuchokera pa lingaliro la ambiri.
Cholinga cha filosofi
Kodi cholinga cha filosofi ndi chiyani? Mawuwa amachokera ku sayansi - sukulu ya zakale zafilosofi. Thomas Aquinas ankakhulupirira kuti chinthu sichitha kudziwika popanda kuthandizidwa. Cholinga ndi kusankha, ndiye zomwe zimatsogoleredwa ndi chidziwitso chaumunthu ndipo izi zili ndi chiyeso chaulere cha chifuniro. Wachifilosofi wa ku Germany M. M. Heidegger anaphatikizapo lingaliro la "kusamalira" mu zochitika zowonjezera, kukhulupirira kuti munthu amasamala za kukhala kwake. Wina wafilosofi wa ku Germany E. Husserl anapitirizabe kufufuza za zolinga ndi zolinga, monga katundu wa chidziwitso kudalira ntchito ya F. Brittany, inabweretsa tanthauzo latsopano:
- Njira yodziwira nkhaniyo ndi mtima. Pa nthawi ya alamu, mtima umatsogolera chidwi cha malingaliro ku chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa nkhawa.
- Mutu wa phunziro "palibe" mpaka kuganizira za chinthucho kapena kutsogoleredwa kwa izo kwachitika.
Zosokoneza Zosokonezeka
Viktor Frankl, katswiri wodziŵa bwino maganizo wa ku Austria amene adutsa zoopsya za msasa wazunzirako wa Nazi, watenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phobias bwino. Logotherapy - chitsogozo cha kukhalapo kwa psychoanalysis, chokhazikitsidwa ndi Frankl chinaphatikizapo njira zothandiza zogwirira ntchito mantha. Cholinga chodabwitsa ndi njira yomwe imachokera pa uthenga wosatsutsana kapena cholinga chokhudza phobia. Wodwala amene ankachita mantha adafunsidwa kuti afune zomwe amamuopa kwambiri - zidachitika mpaka chitetezo chosatha chakumva nkhawa.
Zosokonezeka Zopeka - momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito
Njira yodabwitsa kwambiri ndi yothandiza kwambiri ngati imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuphatikizapo kuseketsa. Katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku America, G. Olport, ananena kuti munthu wodwala matendawa, amene amachiza phokoso lachisangalalo ndi chizoloŵezi chake, amatha kudziletsa komanso kudziletsa. Zitsanzo za cholinga chododometsa:
- Thandizo la kugona . Munthu yemwe ali ndi nthawi yodetsa nkhawa za kugona tulo amadziwidwa mwamantha chifukwa chakuti kachiwiri sangathe kugona. Frankl analangiza kuti wodwalayo ayesetse kudzuka monga momwe angathere. Chilakolako cholephera kugona posachedwa chimayambitsa maloto.
- Kuopa kuyankhula pagulu . Kusokoneza panthawi yolankhula. V. Frankl akukonza kuthetsa vutoli ndi mantha, kuchititsa chikhumbo cholimba chakutwedezeka, kukhala "wothandizira kugwedeza" ndipo mavuto amachotsedwa.
- Banja limakangana . The Logotherapist, mkati mwa chimango cha cholinga chodabwitsa, akulangiza okwatirana kuti ayambe kukangana mosamala ndi kutentha kwakukulu, kufikira atatopa.
- Matenda osiyanasiyana osadzikakamiza . Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi ndi kachitidwe ka Dr. Kochanovsky. Msungwana wina kunja kwa nyumba yake nthawi zonse anali kuvala magalasi amdima omwe ananyalanyaza momwe ankayang'anitsitsa pa chiwalo cha chiwerewere cha amuna onse ali panjira. Mankhwalawa amaphatikizapo kuchotsa magalasi ndi kulola kuti wodwalayo awoneke popanda manyazi kumalo amtundu wa amuna. Wodwala anachotsa kukakamizidwa masabata awiri.
Zosokonezeka Zokonda - Kudandaula
Kuopa kulankhula ndiko chifukwa chofala cha kugwedeza. Munthu amawopa kulankhula, chifukwa kusunthira mu kugonjera kwake sikungapeweke. Kuzindikira chidziwitso kungathandize kutanthauzira kuopa kuzunzika kuchokera m'maganizo mpaka kumalo otanthauzira. Njira yotsutsa (yodabwitsa) yogwira ntchito ndi chibwibwi:
- Wodwalayo akufunsidwa kuti ayambe kusunthira mwamphamvu momwe angathere: "Pamene ndikuyamba kugwedeza, palibe wina amene ndisanayambe kumenyana kwambiri, ndine wothandizira kwambiri, tsopano aliyense akumva ..."
- Chisamalirocho chimasinthidwa kukhala logwirizana.
- Ngati wodwalayo akuwopa kuti amudandaula - amamenya, atangoyamba kukonda kwambiri - mawu olakwira amalankhula.
Cholinga chodabwitsa chofuna kutaya thupi
Lingaliro la zolinga nthawi zonse limakhudza chofuna cha munthu ndi chifuniro chake. Kulemera kwambiri ndi vuto lomwe limachokera ku mavuto a maganizo , kulimbikitsidwa ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi. Kodi cholinga chingathandize bwanji kutaya thupi? Ndi zophweka - muyenera kuyamba kudzikakamiza kuti mudye: "Ndiyenera kudya, tsopano ndikupita ndikugule keke yaikulu ndikudya chirichonse, ndidzakhala munthu wakuda kwambiri padziko lapansi!". Thupi limayamba kukana mwamphamvu chilakolako chachikulu chochilimbitsa. Mfundo zachangu ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku ndizofunikira apa.