Matenda osokoneza bongo a mapulumulo ndi omwe amavuta kwambiri. Malo oyambirira pakati pawo ndi khansara yamapapu, pachaka pali zoposa 1 miliyoni zoterezi. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kofulumira ndi zovuta za chithandizo, chotupacho ndi chagulu la matenda oopsa kwambiri.
Zimayambitsa khansa yamapapo
Matendawa amachokera ku kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha DNA ya epontium yoopsa kwambiri. Matendawa akawonongeka kwambiri, amakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi zotupa. Zomwe zimayambitsa khansa yamapapo ndi khansa, makamaka ngati zimalowa m'thupi nthawi zonse. Poizoni pang'onopang'ono amasintha maonekedwe a epithelium okhala ndi bronchi. Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zimaphatikizapo matenda opatsirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (ionizing).
Chifukwa chachikulu cha khansa yamapapo
Pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya matenda onse omwe ali nawo ndi zizindikiro zake zoyambira chifukwa cha kusuta . Chizoloŵezi choyipa chimenechi chimaonjezera chiopsezo chokula chowonjezeka ndi 20. Sikuti nicotine yokha, kuponderezera chitetezo cha mthupi, imayambitsa khansa ya m'mapapo - zomwe zimayambitsa chotupa zimabisika chifukwa cha khansa, kuphatikizapo zisudzo za radon zomwe zimapezeka mu utsi wa fodya. Kuphatikiza pa mankhwala odziwika bwino, ali ndi mankhwala oposa 4,000 osadziŵika.
Zifukwa za khansara yamapapo mwa osakhala fodya
Zizindikiro ndi zizindikilo za matendawa zimapezeka mwa anthu opanda zizoloŵezi, koma kawirikawiri (10-15%). Ngakhale palibe umboni wosatsimikizirika wakuti kusuta fodya ndi chifukwa cha khansara yamapapo, ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimapanga zotupa mu njira yopuma. Zinthu zochepa zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:
- fumbi;
- asbesito;
- radhi;
- mitundu ina ya mavairasi;
- arsenic;
- nickel;
- chrome;
- cadmium;
- kuwotcha;
- matenda opweteka kwambiri.
Matenda a khansa ndi chifukwa cha maganizo
Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti matenda opatsiranawo amachititsa kuti thupi likhale lopweteka kwambiri, ndipo limakhalapo chifukwa cha kuphatikizapo zotsatira zovulaza thupi. Ofufuza ena amadziŵanso kuti vuto lina la matenda a khansa limayambitsa khansa ya m'mapapo:
- Kulephera kupanga banja lolimba;
- kukhumudwa mu moyo;
- kuyanjana ndi makolo;
- kusakhala ndi abwenzi apamtima kapena kukhudzidwa maganizo;
- N'zotheka kuzindikira zomwe angathe.
Mavuto omwe adatchulidwawo amatha kukhala ndi zizindikiro komanso zizindikiro zomwe zimaphatikizapo mazira opweteka m'mapweya opuma. Palibe maphunziro a zachipatala ovomerezeka omwe amatsimikizira udindo wa zinthu zoterezi pakuchitika kapena kupita patsogolo kwa khansa. Pogwirizana ndi kusowa kwa umboni wa chiphunzitsochi, odwala oncologists samamvetsera kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsa matenda.
Mitundu ya khansa ya m'mapapo
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machitidwe a matendawa. Mu mankhwala am'nyumba, ndizozoloŵera kusiyanitsa molingana ndi zifukwa ziwiri - zizindikiro zake za mitsempha ndi kukula kwa zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro molingana ndi siteji ya chitukuko. Ndikofunika kudziwa mtundu wa matendawo nthawi yomweyo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapuloteni a zamoyo ali ndi mlingo wawo wopita patsogolo ndikusowa chithandizo chapadera.
Mitundu ya khansa ya m'mapapo ndi histology:
- kamphindi kakang'ono;
- selo laling'ono.
Mitundu ya ziphuphu ndi kuuma ndi kuuma kwa zizindikiro:
- Gawo 1 - wofatsa, oyambirira;
- 2 siteji - yolimbitsa, yopakatikati;
- Gawo lachitatu - lalikulu;
- Gawo lachinayi - lolemetsa kwambiri, losatheka.
Khansara ya m'mapapo ya maselo
Kawirikawiri (amapezeka pafupifupi 20%), koma matenda oopsa ndi ofalikira, matendawa amapezeka makamaka mwa osuta fodya. Kumvetsetsa zomwe kansa ya m'mapapo ya m'mapapo imapangitsa, imathandizira kuphunzira ziphuphu zomwe zimapanga chotupacho. Amapangidwa kuchokera kuzing'ono zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimalowerera m'magazi ndi mitsempha yotchedwa lymphatic system chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Maselo achilendo amamangika mosavuta ziwalo zathanzi, zomwe zimatsogolera ku maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa metastases.
Izi ndi khansa ya m'mapapo yoopsa kwambiri komanso yosayenerera - zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za matenda a khungu laling'ono sizinawonedwe kwa nthawi yaitali. Munthu samadziwa za kukhalapo kwa vuto mpaka ayamba kutsokomola magazi ndikukumana ndi zotsatira za kukula kwa chipsinjo. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mawonetseredwe a chipatala, mtundu uwu wa matenda nthawi zambiri umapezeka pamapeto a chitukuko.
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zotupa zazing'ono:
- chithandizo;
- oat cell;
- selo losungira.
Kansa yaing'ono ya m'mapapo ya m'mapapo
Malingana ndi dzina, mtundu wa ziphuphu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zikuphatikizapo nyumba zazikulu. Mtundu uwu wa matendawa ndi wamba, zizindikiro zake zimapezeka m'ma 80% (makamaka pang'ono). Ziphuphu zomwe zimapezeka zimakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo sizimayambitsa maonekedwe a metastases, koma zoopsa zawo ndi zotsatira zovulaza pa thupi zimakhala zofanana ndi mtundu wakale wa matenda.
Matenda ambiri omwe sali ang'onoang'ono am'kamwa am'kamwa ndi adenocarcinoma ndi epidermoid (squamous, squamous-cell) carcinoma. Zina, mobwerezabwereza, mitundu yambiri ya ma sooplasms:
- selo lowala;
- selo lalikulu.
Zizindikiro za khansa ya m'mapapo
Chithunzi cha kachipatala cha matendawa chimadalira gawo la kukula kwake ndi kuuma kwake, kupezeka ndi chiwerengero cha metastases. Chofunika kwambiri ndi malo omwe khansara yamapapu imayamba - zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za chotupa chachikulu (kuchokera mu chigawo chimodzi cha bronchus) zimatchulidwa kwambiri ndipo zimawonetseredwa kumayambiriro. Pamene ikukula, imakhudza mitsempha yambiri ya mitsempha ndipo imayipitsa ziwalo zozungulira, kotero munthu amadziwa kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka thupi.
Poyamba, palibe zizindikiro za kunja kwa khansa ya m'mapapo pamene pali mnofu m'mbali zapachiwalo. M'magulu a nthambi za bronchi mulibe zopweteka zopweteka komanso mapeto a mitsempha, choncho ubongo sukugwirizana ndi kukula kwa chikhalidwe chakunja. Zizindikiro zenizeni zikuwoneka pokhapokha pazigawo zakumapeto kwa matenda.
Khansara yam'mimba - siteji yoyamba
Matenda omwe amafotokozedwa amapita popanda mawonetseredwe. Neoplasm akadali yaying'ono kwambiri, palibe metastasis, kotero zizindikiro zoyambirira za khansa ya m'mapapo siziripo. Kutalika kwake kwafika pamtunda wa masentimita atatu, ili mkati mwa gawo limodzi la mapulaneti. Nthawi zina kusungunuka kwa maselo osungunuka kumapezeka m'nthambi yaing'onoting'ono. Ndizosavuta kwambiri kudziwa khansa yamapapu yotere: zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro kumayambiriro koyamba zatha (kapena siziri) kuti odwala safuna thandizo. Chotupacho chikupezeka mwachisawawa pa kafukufuku wamakono.
Khansa Yam'mimba - Gawo 2
Panthawi imeneyi, kukula kwake kwa nkhono kumawonjezeka mpaka masentimita asanu ndi asanu (5-6 masentimita). Sichikulirakulira, koma chimalola mitsempha yosakanikirana, kotero kuti pangakhale zizindikiro zoyambirira za khansa ya m'mapapo pachiyambi:
- kutopa;
- kusamvera;
- mphamvu yogwira ntchito;
- kugona, kugona.
Zizindikirozi sizikugwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa chotupa choopsa, ndizo zimayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Zizindikiro za kansa ya m'mapapo mwa amayi ndi abambo ndi ofanana, matendawa ali ofanana. Pambuyo pake, pali mawonetseredwe ena a chipatala, komanso osasamala:
- kuwonongeka kwa thupi ;
- kuwonjezeka kutentha kufika madigiri 37;
- matenda ogona.
Khansa Yam'mimba - Gawo 3
Pa malo ofotokozedwa, chiwombankhanga choipa chimakhala ndi miyeso yayikulu, kuposa masentimita 6 m'mimba mwake. Pali chithunzi chachipatala, kotero wodwala akutembenukira kwa dokotala kapena ali ndi x-ray - zizindikiro za kansa ya m'mapapo zakhala zikudziwika bwino:
- kouma, kawirikawiri chifuwa chobwerezabwereza;
- mpweya wochepa;
- kukhala ndi chibayo popanda matenda opatsirana;
- kupweteka mu chifuwa;
- kutentha kwa thupi;
- kuchepetsa.
Panthawi yoyezetsa magazi, pali mavitamini omwe amayamba khansa yamapapu - zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za matendawa ndi kupambana (kutambasula, kutupa) kwa magulu angapo a ma lymph nodes:
- chotsutsana;
- chotsutsana;
- chotsutsana;
- bronchopulmonary.
Khansa Yam'mimba - Gawo 4
Mliri waukulu wa matendawa umaphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa chifuwacho, nthawi zambiri kumadutsa gawo loyambirira ndipo limaloŵera kumalo oyandikana nawo. Zikatero, khansara yamapapo imakhala yotsimikiziridwa nthawi yomweyo - zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za siteji yachinayi zikuphatikizapo mawonetseredwe onse omwe ali pamwambawa, koma otchulidwa kwambiri:
- mawu osasunthika;
- purulent sputum, yomwe imamasulidwa mukakokera;
- kusowa kudya;
- Kufa ziwalo;
- ululu m'dera la mtima;
- kudzikuza kwa nkhope;
- khungu ndi bluish-violet mu mtundu (cyanotic);
- mitsempha yotupa pa khosi ndi manja;
- dermatitis;
- sintha mawonekedwe a zala ("drumsticks").
Pakati pa chifuwa, mphutsi yofiira nthawi zambiri imakokera, yomwe imakhala magazi. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo la kupuma, munthu akudwala matenda oyandikana nawo:
- kupweteka ;
- chosokoneza;
- pleurisy ;
- chibayo.
Nthawi zambiri panthawi ya matenda a khansa ya m'mapapo, khansa ya m'mapapo imapezeka - kuchedwa kwa zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za chotupa zimaphatikizapo mitsempha yambiri komanso ya kutali kwambiri. Zimamera osati m'matumbo okha, komanso m'mimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziphwanya kwambiri ntchito zawo. Metastases ndi ofunika kwambiri ku:
- impso;
- mafupa;
- malonda adrenal;
- ubongo;
- chiwindi;
- mtima;
- mphukira;
- tsatanetsatane;
- zizindikiro za mitsempha;
- thymus.
Khansa ya m'mimba - kufotokozera
Ngakhale zinali zosatheka kukhazikitsa njira yothetsera vutoli, yomwe imalola kuchiza matenda. Simungathe kuthetsa khansa yamapapo - zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro zimakula, chotupa chimakula ndikupereka metastases. Poyamba matendawa amadziwika, amatha kukhala ndi mwayi wokonzanso mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo. Ngati kachilombo kafukufuku kamapangidwa pa gawo loyambalo, zaka zisanu zokha zapulumuka ndi pafupifupi 60%, yachiwiri - pafupifupi 40%, yachitatu - mpaka 15%. Matenda owopsa a chilengedwe amatsogolera ku imfa mkati mwa miyezi 12-24. Chotsatira chomwecho, ngati simukuchita khansa ya m'mapapo - chiwonongeko cha moyo sichidutsa zaka 1-2.