Udindo waukulu kwa anthu ndi nyemba, kubzala ndi chisamaliro pamalo otseguka a zomera zosadzichepetsa - mwayi wapadera wopanga zakudya zapamwamba-calorie, osati otsika mtengo wa zakudya zakudya. Kukulitsa chikhalidwe ichi ndi ntchito yothandiza, kupeza nyemba zokoma, nthawi imodzi mumadzaza munda ndi mankhwala a nayitrogeni.
Kodi mungakonzekere bwanji nyemba kuti mubzalidwe?
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nyemba imakonda nthaka yachonde ndi yachonde yopanda ndale kapena yogwira pang'ono. Pa malo okhala ndi dongo komanso osaya pansi, zomerazi zimakula bwino. Nthaka yosauka imapangidwa ndi feteleza ya nitrogen-potassium phosphate, koma pakadali pano ndizofunika kusamala. Ndalama ya nayitrogeni imayambitsa kukula kwa mdima wobiriwira kuwononga mbewu. Oyamba kumene amafunsidwa ndi mafunso, ngati ndi kofunika kuti zilowerere nyemba musanadzalemo, nyemba siziyenera kufesa, choncho tidzatha kulemba magawo akulu a ntchito yokonzekera.
Kukonzekera nyemba za kubzala:
- Kubzala nyemba, nyemba zowonongeka ndi ogaya, mbeu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, komanso zakuthupi sizili zoyenera.
- Kuwotcha nyemba musanadzalemo ndikuchoka panja, timapititsa patsogolo maonekedwe a majeremusi. Nyemba zimayikidwa mu madzi osungunuka usiku umodzi (mpaka maola 15).
- Madzulo a kufesa, mukhoza kupanga nyemba ndi microfertilizers ndi boric asidi. Tengani 2 g wa ammonium molybdate ndi 2 g a boric acid, sungunulani iwo mu chidebe cha madzi ndi kutenthetsa madzi kutentha kwa 40 ° C. Mu kukonzekera kolandiridwa timabatiza mbewu kwa mphindi zisanu madzulo. Chomwe chimakhala bwino pa nyemba zomwe zakonzedwa pazimenezi ndi kubzala ndi kusamalira nyemba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumalo otseguka zimathandiza kupewa tizirombo ndikuwonjezera kuchulukitsa kwa mbewuzo.
Kubzala nyemba kumalo otseguka
Mitundu ya chikhalidwe ichi yagawidwa muzokongola ndi chitsamba, malingana ndi izi, kubzala nyemba mu kasupe pamalo otseguka ndipo kusamalira mbewu kungakhale kosiyana. Mitundu ya shrub imakula mpaka mamita 0.4-0.6 mu msinkhu. Iwo ali oyenerera njira yolima malingaliro, kudzichepetsa. Mitundu yambiri ya kukula imakhala ngati mphesa, zikwapu zimakula kuposa 2 mamita ndipo zimafuna garter pa trellis. Nyemba zazikulu za Vigna ndi zazikulu, ndipo nyemba zam'mimba zimakhala zazikulu zokwana 50 masentimita kukula pamtunda wa mamita asanu.
Kubzala nyemba kumalo otseguka ndi mbewu
Momwemo, momwe mungabzalidwe nyemba kumalo otseguka ndi mbewu, muyenera kuganizira zazomwe chisanu chikumana nacho chomera. Zikumera kuchokera kwa iye zikuwoneka pa tsiku lachisanu ndipo tizilombo tating'ono tingathe kuwononga zipatso za ntchito yopweteka. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa kukula kumachokera ku 20 ° C mpaka 25 ° C. Kodi zimakhudza bwanji nyemba - kubzala ndi kusamala pamalo ozizira, chifukwa choopseza ndi kofunika kuti muphimbe mphukira ndi agrofiber. Mwamsanga atangotayika mbewu pabedi, dziko lapansi likuphatikizidwa ndi odzigudubuza kwambiri a munda wamaluwa kuti ateteze chinyezi ndi kusintha kumera.
Kudzala mbande za nyemba kumalo otseguka
Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumpoto komanso kulima mitundu yochedwa, nyemba zoyenera kubzala mbeu kumathandiza kupeza zokolola zoyambirira. Kufesa kumachitika ndi nyemba zotupa mutatha kuika miphika masiku 30 isanafike nthawi yokonzekera nthawi yobzala. Panthawi yomwe zimamera, mbande zimasungidwa m'mabotolo pa 23-25 ° C, asanabzalidwe pamabedi, kutentha kwafupika kufika 16 ° C. Pamalo otseguka ife timasuntha mphukira zowongoka pambuyo poyamba kutentha kotentha, kuziyika mu nthaka 3cm pansi pa zomwe zinali mu miphika.
Kuzama kwa nyemba
Kulemba malamulo ofunika kubzala nyemba, simungaphonye chinthu chofunikira ngati kukula kwa nyemba kumakanikira m'nthaka. Zingadalire ndi kapangidwe ndi chinyezi padziko lapansi pa kama, nyengo. Njira yabwino ndiyo kubzala nyemba pamtunda wa 4-5 masentimita. Ngati kasupe kotentha ndipo dothi louma, ndiye kuti mbewu yayitali ndi nthaka ikuwonjezeka kufika masentimita 7.
Kubzala mtunda wa nyemba
Pali njira zambiri zobzala nyemba pamtunda. Nthawi zambiri tchire timakhala pafupi ndi mpanda, pafupi ndi makoma, pafupi ndi mitengo ndi mbewu zapamwamba. Zisambazo zimakhala ndi nyemba zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri (7-7), popanda kusowa kwachirengedwe kwa mbeu zomanga zingwe kumanga mtengo. Pa mabedi akuluakulu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyemba imakula mzere. Pakati pa tchire mutabzala pamalo otseguka kuchoka pamtunda wa masentimita 30, pakati pa mizera tingathe kukhala kutalika kwa masentimita 40.
Zomwe zimabzala nyemba pamtunda
Young mphukira za nyemba zimafa m'malo a frosts osachepera 1 ° C, ndi zitsamba zokhala ndi kamwana ka nyemba zingathe kulekerera oyambirira autumn frosts mpaka 4 ° C. Pankhani yobzala nyemba pamtunda, munthu sayenera kulola kuthamanga. Kutentha chomera chomera wamaluwa amafesedwa atatha kuopseza kuopsa kozizira. Kwa madera osiyana nthawi ino si yofanana, kotero timatsogoleredwa ndi nyengo zakuthambo ndi zochitika zapanyumba. Ku Ukraine ndi kumwera kwa Russia, kufesa ntchito kumapangidwa kuchokera kumapeto kwa April mpaka theka la mwezi wa May.
Kusamalira nyemba
Palibe vuto lalikulu kusamalira nyemba, zizindikiro zonse za kukula zimachepetsedwa kuti zichotsedwe namsongole, kumasula nthaka, kuthirira ndi kuthirira feteleza. Ngati mukufuna, n'zotheka kulimbikitsa nthambi ya tchire, kukanikiza nsonga ya tsinde. Mapiriwa amachititsa kuti nyemba za nyemba zikhale zowonongeka, zimathandiza kusunga chinyezi. Kutsegulidwa koyamba kwa nthaka kumachitika pamene zimamera kufika msinkhu wa masentimita 1, timabweretsa kwathunthu mpaka 6 kumasula pa nyengo mpaka mizere itseke kwathunthu.
Kukwera pamwamba kwa nyemba kumalo otseguka
Mu funso lofunika, momwe mungamere nyemba kumunda, muyenera kusamala za kudyetsa. Kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni mu chisamaliro kumabweretsa kukula kwakukulu kwa masamba ndi kuchepa mu mapangidwe a nyemba. Kutha, kompositi imafalikira pamabedi pamodzi ndi kukonzekera potaziyamu-phosphoric. Mu kasupe, feteleza sangathe kulumikizidwa patatha masiku 14 musanadzalemo. Pa mita imodzi mitala mabedi amaperekedwa kwa 8 makilogalamu a kompositi, 20 g wa superphosphate ndi 25 g wa feteleza feteleza. Pamene masamba amaoneka, onjezerani mpaka 40 g wa superphosphate ndi 15 g wa potaziyamu mchere. Pakukolola kwa nyemba, mumatha kudzipangira phulusa phulusa.
Kukula nyemba poyera pansi - kuthirira
Kwa zokolola za nyemba, mikhalidwe yokula imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu, kutentha kwambiri kumabweretsa kukula kwa masamba, ndipo chilala chimadumphira ovary. Mu kutentha mpaka kuonekera kwa masamba oyambirira, mabedi amakhala osakaniza mlingo umodzi pamlungu. Kuchuluka kwa madzi kumadalira nyengo ndi mapangidwe a dothi, okwanira 20 l / m 2 pa sabata. Pafupifupi masiku asanu ndi awiri musanayambe maluwa, kuthirira kumayimitsidwa, kupatula nyengo ya nyengo yaitali. Pambuyo poonekera mazira oyambirira, timathirira kubzala kwa nyemba pamtunda ndifupipafupi, osalola kuyanika kwathunthu kwa mabedi.
Matenda ndi tizirombo nyemba
Chikhalidwe chimenechi chili ndi tizirombo ndi matenda omwe angachepetse kwambiri zokolola za nyemba. Matenda a nyemba ndi kuwongolera nthawi yake ndi ntchito yofunika kwa aliyense wolima masamba. Pa chikasu cha masamba, maonekedwe a malo osamvetsetseka, kukhalapo kwa nyemba zowonongeka, tikhoza kulankhula za matenda a malowa ndi bowa kapena tizilombo towononga. Ndikofunika kuika ziopsezo zingapo zazikulu, zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa makamaka pamene zikukula pa nthaka:
- Matenda osokoneza bongo. Matendawa amachititsa mapangidwe a zovuta, mawonekedwe ofiirira a mitsempha, chikasu ndi imfa ya masamba. Mankhusu amasinthasintha mawonekedwe, ali ndi chipika chodetsedwa, zilonda zam'mimba.
- Maonekedwe a mavaira a nyemba. Matenda a nsabwe za m'masamba amanyamula, masamba omwe ali ndi matendawa amamasintha mtundu, amatha kusinthasintha. Pokolola ndi nyemba za maluwa, pamene zimakula, zimakula bwino, zimatha kumbuyo kwa oyandikana nawo, zokolola za tchire zimachepa.
- Vuto loyera la nyemba. Pamene matendawa akuwonetseratu kuchepa kwa zimayambira ndi masamba, kusintha kwa mtundu wawo. Zomera zimakhudza zowola ndikufa.
- Powdery mildew nyemba. Mu chisamaliro cha kunja, matenda owopsawa amapezeka nthawi zambiri, omwe amachititsa imfa ya kuchuluka kwa mbeu. Pachiyambi, chobvala choyera chimapangidwa, ndiye mtundu wobiriwira umatembenuka chikasu ndikuuma.
Kupewa ndi chitetezo ku matenda a nyemba:
- Musati mutenge wandiweyani, onetsetsani kuti tchire mukusamalira mpweya wabwino.
- Ndawona zomera zodwala zikuchotsedwa.
- Njuchi zitsamba zithandizira kufalitsa matenda, kuwachotsa pabedi nthawi yake.
- Gwiritsani ntchito kubzala nyemba za nyemba.
- Nyemba zozizira musanafese zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda.
- Yang'anani kusinthasintha kwa mbeu kumunda.
- Anthracnose ndi woyera zowola akugonjetsedwa ndi Bordeaux madzi ndi zina zamkuwa zokhutira.
- Polimbana ndi zojambulajambula zimathandiza oyambirira kubzala nyemba, zotsutsana ndi kufalikira kwa nsabwe za m'masamba.
- Powdery mildew powononga amawonongedwa ndi ma sulfure.
Tizilombo toononga kwambiri nyemba ndi mbewu, zimamera ndi slugs. Mukamabzala, yang'anani njereyo, osapatula kufesa kwa kachilomboka. Kusamalira tizilombo timagwiritsa ntchito mabedi "Decis", "Metaphos", tizilombo tina tizilombo . Ngati slugs akupezeka, nthaka imadetsedwa ndi phulusa kapena superphosphate, masamba a mulch ndi mphukira za nettle zimawopseza pa tizilombo. Mukhoza kukhazikitsa nyambo ngati mmene anakumba mabotolo a pulasitiki odzaza ndi mowa, nthawi zonse akuwatulutsa ku tizilombo tomira.