9 zowononga kwambiri zankhanza m'mbiri ya psychology

Psychology ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira khalidwe la munthu kapena nyama pazochitika zina. Kafukufuku m'derali amathandiza anthu amasiku ano kupita kutsogolo, kuyang'ana mayankho ku zinthu zoyipa kwambiri, kuthana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana a psyche . Zambiri mwa zomwe zinapindula zinali zotsatira za mayesero asanu ndi anayi omwe anali achiwawa kwambiri m'mbiri ya psychology, ngakhale kuti ena mwa iwo sanawononge zowawa za zamoyo.

9 zowopsya kwambiri zowona mu kuwerenga maganizo

1. Chiyeso chomwe chinafuna kutsimikizira kuti kugonana kwa mwanayo pa kubadwa sikungakhale kovuta, ngati kuli koyenera, kungatuluke kuchokera kwa mwana ngati msungwana, ndi mnyamata. Nkhani inali Bruce Reimer, yemwe adadulidwa ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi itatu, koma mboloyo inachotsedwa ndi zolakwika zachipatala. John Mani yemwe ndi katswiri wamaganizo wodziwika bwino wa maganizo, adatsogolera mwanayo kufika paunyamata, ndikukonza ndemanga m'magaziniyi. Anapatsidwa opaleshoni angapo, kupatsidwa mahomoni, koma pamapeto pake kuyesa kunalephera, ndipo onse a m'banja adakhudzidwa: bambo ake adakhala chidakwa, amayi ake ndi mchimwene wake anali akuvutika kwambiri maganizo, ndipo Reimer yekha ali ndi zaka 38 anadzipha.
2. Zochita 9 zankhanza kwambiri zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira za kudzipatula kwa anthu pawokha. Oyesera Harry Harlow anasankha anawo kuchokera kwa amayi a abulu ndikukhala okhaokha kwa chaka chimodzi. Kusokonezeka maganizo kwa ana kumabweretsa chigamulo chakuti ngakhale kukhala mwana wosangalala sikungateteze kuvutika maganizo .
3. Chiyeso chomwe chinapangitsa munthu kuganiza kuti munthu amamvera mosavuta ulamuliro ndipo sazengereza kuchita malangizo osamvetsetseka. Ankachitidwa ndi Stanley Milgram, yemwe anapereka malangizo akuyesera kuti awononge kutuluka kwa wina amene akugwira nawo ntchitoyi. Ophunzira adapitirizabe kuchita izi podziwa kuti kutaya kwafika pa 450 volts. Ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mayesero 9 achiwawa mu kuwerenga maganizo.
4. Chiyeso chomwe cholinga chake chinali kudziŵa kupanikizika kosalekeza ndi kusowa thandizo kunkapezeka mwa anthu pambuyo pa zolephereka zingapo. Kuyeseraku kunachitidwa pa agalu ndi akatswiri a maganizo a maganizo Steve Mayer ndi Mark Seligman, omwe anagonjetsa zinyama kubwereza zamakono. Pamapeto pake, ngakhale atasamukira ku khola lotseguka, agalu sanayese kuthawa ndi kuletsa kuzunza. Iwo adzizoloŵera kusapeŵeka.
5. Yesetsani kuti muphunzire chikhalidwe cha mantha ndi phobias. Anayendetsedwa ndi John Watson pa mwana wamasiye wa miyezi 9, yemwe anayamba kuopa khola loyera ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimayesedwa. Pa kuyesayesa kulikonse kwa mwanayo kuti azisewera ndi nyama, kumbuyo kwake kumamenya nyundo yachitsulo pa mbale yachitsulo.
6. Mu zitsanzo 9 zankhanza, amene adaphunzira chiphunzitso chaumunthu anaphatikizidwanso. Zomwe zinachitikira ndi Karin Landis, omwe adawajambula pa nthawi ya malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Pachifukwa ichi, palibe nthawi yowonjezera m'mawu omwe adapezeka, ndi makoswe amoyo, omwe mitu yawo inadula mitu yawo, ndikumva kuzunzika koopsa.
7. Kuyesa kufufuza zotsatira za mankhwala m'thupi kunkachitika pa zinyama zomwe zidadziwonetsa zokha ndipo zinafa.
8. Yesetsani kuti muphunzire makhalidwe ndi miyambo ya anthu omwe ali ndi zovuta zawo. Anatsogoleredwa ndi Philip Zimbardo pa ophunzira potsanzira ndende ndipo amadziwika ngati kuyesa ndende ya Stanford. Mwachikhazikitso chake, odziperekawo adagawidwa kukhala alonda ndi akaidi, omwe potsiriza anayamba kudziŵa maudindo awo omwe zinthu zoopsa zinayamba kuwuka. Anasokonezedwa nthawi yaitali chisanachitike kutha kwa zifukwa zomveka.
9. Yesetsani kuyeretsa gulu la anticemen kwa anthu omwe si achikhalidwe chogonana. Anagonjera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri ku nkhondo ya South Africa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asilikali pafupifupi 1,000, omwe amadziwika ndi aumishonale aumishonale, adatumizidwa kukadabwa, adakakamizika kutenga mahomoni, ndipo ena adakakamizika kusintha kugonana kwawo.