Kuganiza bwino kwa maganizo - kodi kukhalapo kwa existential mu psychology?

Ma psychology amodzi amaphunzira moyo, kukhalapo kwa munthu pakukhala ndi kukula kwake, ndipo kumachokera ku mawu existenceentia - kukhalapo. Munthu amabwera kudziko lapansi ndikukhazikitsa mavuto a kusungulumwa, chikondi, kusankha, kufufuza tanthawuzo komanso kugwedezeka ndi zenizeni za kupezeka kwa imfa.

Maganizo oyenera - tanthauzo

Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chachokera ku filosofi yomwe ilipo, imene imamuwona munthu ngati cholengedwa chapaderadera, ndipo moyo wake wonse ndi wapadera komanso wofunika kwambiri. Ulendo wa existential mu psychology unayamba kukula mwazaka mazana awiri zapitazo, ndipo uli wofunikira mu dziko lamakono.

Mbiri ya psychology existential

Woyambitsa psychological existence - ndi zovuta kutchula munthu wina, onse okhudzidwa ndi akatswiri a nzeru zapamwamba ndi akatswiri a maganizo amachititsa kuti pakhale chitukuko. Zolemba zamakono zenizeni zimachokera ku zozizwitsa ndi maganizo a olemba a ku Russia LN. Tolstoy ndi F.I. Dostoevsky. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX. katswiri wa zamaganizo wachijeremani ndi katswiri wafilosofi K. Jaspers, pokonzanso zochitika za chikhalidwe cha matenda a maganizo, adayambitsa malingaliro a kukhalapo komweko mwa iwo.

Ludwig Binswanger, dokotala wa ku Swiss, akuphunzira ntchito za Jaspers ndi Heidegger, akuyambitsa zokhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwazinthu mu psychology. Munthu samakhalanso chidebe chophweka chokhazikika cha njira zamaganizo ndi zachibadwa, koma ndizofunikira, zosiyana. Ndiye pali chitukuko chofulumira cha psychology yomwe ilipo ndi nthambi zake, zomwe zikuphatikizapo wotchuka logotherapy wa V. Frankl.

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za kukhalapo kwa existential mu psychology

Maganizo odziwika bwino aumunthu amachokera pazinthu zofunika:

chidziwitso ndi kudzidziwitsa;
ufulu;
udindo;
funani tanthauzo;
chisankho;
kuzindikira za imfa.

Malingaliro apadera, malingaliro ake ndi mfundo zake zimachokera ku filosofi yomwe ilipo, yomwe ndi "oyambilira":

ufulu wodzisankhira wa munthu umamuthandiza kuti akhale ndi chitukuko chokhazikika;
Kudziwa za dziko la mkati ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa munthu aliyense;
kuzindikira za kufa kwawo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo iyi - chitsimikizo champhamvu chowululira chigawo cholenga cha munthu aliyense;
Kuvutika maganizo komwe kumakhalako kumakhala njira yopezera tanthauzo lanu lapadera pa kukhalapo kopanda phindu.

Maganizo opezekapo - oimira

Lingaliro la existential la V. Frankl ndilo chitsanzo chabwino koposa kuti tisataye mtima, kuti tipeze mwayekha chikhumbo chokhala ndi moyo. Frankl anadalira kwambiri kuti njira zake zonse zamaganizo zinayesedwa payekha ndi anthu omwe, mwazidzidzidzi, anali m'ndende za msasa wa akaidi wa fascist. Othandizira ena odziwa maganizo:

Mphunzitsi;
Dziko;
Yakobo Buergenthal;
Alfred Lengle;
Alice Holtzhey-Kunz;
Bwana Medard;
Ludwig Binswanger.

Zomwe zikuchitika mu psychology

Njira yopezeka mwaumulungu mu kuwerenga maganizo ndi njira yomwe umunthu wa munthuyo ndiwopindulitsa kwambiri pokhudzana ndi chithunzithunzi chake chapadera cha dziko lapansi, chodziwika bwino. Kuganiza bwino kwa maganizo ndi kuphunzitsa njira zosavuta komanso zochitika zolimbitsa mtima panthawi ya chiwonongeko ndi kuwonongeka kuchokera pakukhala kuthandiza anthu kupeza malingaliro atsopano ndi zosankha, kuti achoke pa malo okhudzidwa pamene palibe chimene chingachitidwe kukonzanso.

Mfundo zazikulu za maganizo aumunthu ndi aumulungu

Psychologist yomwe ilipo nthawi zonse ndi nthambi ya maganizo aumunthu, maganizo ambiri okhudza umunthu wa munthu ali ndi kufanana komweko. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zokhudzana ndi maganizo a anthu ndi zamoyo.

kutseguka kwa munthu kwa dziko lapansi, kudzidzimwira nokha mu dziko lino ndi lingaliro lamtendere mwa iweeni ndilo chenicheni chenichenicho;
chikhalidwe cha munthu ndi chakuti iye nthawi zonse amafunikira kudziulula yekha ndi kupitabe patsogolo kwazomwe iye ali nazo;
munthu ali ndi ufulu, adzasankha ndi kusankha pakati pa mfundo zake;
umunthu ndiwunikira, yogwira ntchito;
moyo wa munthu uyenera kuonedwa ngati njira imodzi yokhala ndi kukhala.

Kumvetsa umunthu mkati mwa chikhalidwe cha psychology

Makhalidwe a psychologically existential ndi apadera, apadera komanso owona. Kuwerenga maganizo kosadziwika sikukhazikitsa chimango cha munthu, kumatseka pakalipano, koma kumapangitsa kukula, kusintha. Pofotokoza za umunthu, anthu amodzi amagwiritsa ntchito ndondomekoyi, ndipo sagwiritsidwa ntchito monga njira zina zamaganizo akale pamaganizo a makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Munthuyo ali ndi ufulu wofuna ndi kusankha .

Njira zogwiritsira ntchito maganizo

Ma psychology monga sayansi ayenera kukhazikitsidwa pa njira zenizeni, njira zamakono, maphunziro apamwamba, koma apa pali chimodzi chotsutsana. Njira yofunika kwambiri ndiyo kukhazikitsa ubale wotere pakati pa kasitomala ndi wothandizira, omwe angathe kufotokozedwa ndi mawu: zowona, kukhulupirika ndi kupezeka. Kutsimikizika kumatanthauza kufotokoza kwathunthu kwa wodwalayo kwa wodwalayo kuti apange ubale wodalirika.

Njira zogwirira ntchito ya katswiri wamaganizo wokhalapo ndi mantha ndi imfa:

"Chilolezo choti tipirire" - kuti tigwire ntchito ndi kuzindikira imfa, wothandizira mwiniwakeyo ayenera kuchita mantha ake m'derali ndikuyesetsa kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa wodwala kuti akambirane za imfa momwe zingathere.
Gwiritsani ntchito njira zotetezera. Wothandizira amatsogolera wodwalayo kuti asinthe maganizo ake ponena za imfa mofatsa, koma mosalekeza, pogwiritsa ntchito ndikudziwiratu njira zosatetezera zotetezera.
Gwiritsani ntchito maloto. Nthawi zambiri amisala amatsutsa mantha a imfa.

Mavuto a psychology

Maganizo akuluakulu ndi maganizo a psychology alipo, anafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi akatswiri a njira iyi ku mndandanda wa mavuto omwe akukumana ndi maganizo omwe alipo. Irvine Yalom watchula mavuto 4 ofunika kwambiri:

Mavuto a moyo, imfa ndi nthawi - munthu amadziwa kuti ali wakufa, kuti izi ndizosapeweka. Chikhumbo chokhala ndi mantha ndi imfa chimapangitsa mkangano.
Mavuto a kulankhulana, kusungulumwa ndi chikondi - kuzindikira kuti kusungulumwa m'dziko lino lapansi ndikochitika: munthu amabwera kudziko lapansi yekha ndipo amusiya yekha, wosungulumwa m'khamu la anthu.
Mavuto a udindo, kusankha ndi ufulu - chilakolako cha munthu kwa ufulu ndi kusowa kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, kuletsa, kuwonongera nyumba, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mantha a kupezeka kwawo amachititsa mkangano.
Mavuto a tanthawuzo ndi kupanda tsankho kwa moyo wa munthu amachokera ku mavuto atatu oyambirira. Munthu nthawi zonse amadziŵa yekha ndi dziko lozungulira, amapanga tanthauzo lake. Kutaya tanthawuzo kumachokera ku kuzindikira kwa kusungulumwa kwanu, kudzipatula komanso kusadziŵika kwa imfa.

The existenceential crisis in psychology

Mfundo zachikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi maganizo ndi zokhudzana ndi mavuto omwe amapezeka mwa munthuyo. Vuto la existenceential limadutsa munthu aliyense kuyambira ubwana wake mpaka kukalamba, aliyense amadzifunsa yekha cholinga cha moyo, kukhalapo kwake, kukhala kwake. Anthu ena ali ndi zizindikiro zowoneka, ena akhoza kukhala ndi mavuto aakulu, amachititsa kusasamala komanso kusowa zowonjezereka kwa moyo: mphamvu zonse zatha, tsogolo ndi lodziwika komanso losasangalatsa.

Vuto la existenceential lingathe kudutsa mbali zonse za moyo waumunthu. Amakhulupirira kuti zochitika izi ndizochokera kwa anthu a m'mayiko otukuka omwe adakhutitsa zosowa zawo zonse ndipo pali nthawi yowunika ndi kulingalira pa miyoyo yawo. Munthu yemwe wataya okondedwa ake ndikuganiza mu gulu "Ife" tikuyang'anizana ndi funso: "Ndine ndani popanda iwo?"

Mabuku pa psychology existential

Rollo May "Psychological Psychology" - imodzi mwa mabuku apaderadera a wolembapo wodziwa kukhalapo, olembedwa m'zinenero zosavuta zingakhale zothandiza kuwerenga kwa anthu wamba okonda kuwerenga maganizo, ndi akatswiri a maganizo odziwa bwino ntchito. Ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe mungachiwerenge pamutu wa mutu uwu:

" Psychology yeniyeni ya kulankhulana kwakukulu " Bratchenko. Bukhuli limafotokoza mbiri ya kuyambika kwa njira yopezekapo yaumulungu mu maganizo, chidwi chachikulu chimaperekedwa ku uphungu.
" Zosankha za moyo. Masewero pa psychology existential . " V.N. Druzhinin. Mavuto a moyo ndi imfa, momwe mungapezere tanthawuzo la munthu wotopa m'zinthu zonsezi, komanso momwe katswiri wamaganizo angakhale othandizira - zonsezi zili m'bukuli.
" Psychotherapy " yeniyeni I. Yal. Mabuku a wotchuka wotchedwa psychoanalyst akhoza kuwerenga mobwerezabwereza, wolembayo ali ndi luso osati ntchito yake yothandiza anthu, komanso monga wolemba. Bukuli ndi ntchito yofunikira yomwe ili ndi njira ndi njira zothandizira.
" Psychotechnics of the existential kusankha ." M. Papush. Zimakhala zovuta kuphunzira momwe tingakhalire ndi kukhala moyo wabwino, kusangalala ndi kugwira ntchito, momwe tingaphunzire chinachake, mwachitsanzo, kusewera piyano - ndi zovuta, koma kuchita zonse zimabwera.
" Kusanthula kwa masiku ano: mbiri, chiphunzitso, chizoloŵezi, kufufuza ." A. Langle, E. Ukolova, V. Shumsky. Bukhuli limapereka chiwonetsero chokwanira cha kusanthula komwe kulipo ndi kupindulitsa kwake ku chitukuko cha psychology.